The history of rail transport in Madagascar began at the end on the nineteenth century, with the construction of industrial and military Decauville lines in the north of the country, centred on the port of Diego-Suarez (now Antsiranana).[1][2][3]
These were closely followed by the construction a metre gauge line between Brickaville (now Ampasimanolotra) and Madagascar's capital, Tananarive (now Antananarivo) in 1909. This line was extended to Toamasina, the country's chief seaport in 1913. The line is known as the Tananarive–Côte Est railway (TCE).[1] It subsequently became the nucleus of a network of three railways, the Network North (French: Réseau Nord).
Between 1926 and 1936, an isolated line, the Fianarantsoa-Côte Est railway (FCE), was built, again in metre gauge, in the south east of the island. The FCE is known as Southern Network (French: Réseau Sud).
Management
The two separate networks were combined under the same management in 1944.
On 1 January 1951 Régie des chemins de fer de Madagascar (RCFM) came into operation.
The whole system was nationalized in 1974.
It became a state corporation on 6 May 1982 as Réseau National des Chemins de Fer Malagasy (RNCFM).[2]
By the 1990s, the national system was very run down and the Malagasy government decided to privatize it. In 2003 Network North was concessioned to a joint stock company, Madarail, under a 25-year concession, while the Southern network remained under parastatal operation. In 2022 the private investors desisted and the company is now 100% owned by the state of Madagascar.[4]
Service on the line from Antananarivo to Antsirabe ceased the mid-1990's after the passage of the Cyclone Ana damaged a bridge over the river Sasaony.[5] The line between Antananarivo and Antsirabe re-opened on 2 December 2023.[6]
There had been also a project to connect the port of Mahajanga with the port of Toamasina, via Lac Alaotra. This was never realized.
Decauville locomotive at Namakia
Former Lines
Antananarivo-Alarobia: 4km, a tramway in the capital city, 2.5 km of which is incorporated in to the TCE line.
Antsirabe-Vinaninkarena: 13 km, an extension of the TA line completed in 1986.
Ambatondrazaka-Ambatosoratra: 25km, a closed section of the MLA line.
All of the above were of 1,000mm gauge.
In addition there were a number of industrial and military lines including:
Sucreries de Nosy-Bé et de la Côte Est (SNBCE), around 13km of 914mm gauge.[7]
Sucrerie de Brickaville (now Vohibinany), around 10km of 600mm gauge.[7]
Sucrerie de Namakia, around 10 km of 600mm gauge to Mahajanga from the sugar factory in Namakia.[7]
Sucrerie de la Mahavavy, Ambilobe, around 10km line of 600mm gauge to a river wharf at Port Saint-Louis.[7]
