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Henry Hawley was the English Governor of Barbados from 1630 to 1639/40.^[1]

Background

Henry Hawley was the younger son of James Hawley,^[2] who held the lease for Brentford Market in Middlesex and, until 1622, the lease for Boston Manor nearby. James Hawley was a mercer^[3] also trained at the Middle Temple, one of the Inns of Court.

Hawley himself served a mercer's apprenticeship at the Three Cranes Tavern in London. Almost all of his siblings embarked on colonisation in the New World; one exception was his younger brother Gabriel, who left his draper's^[4] apprenticeship to serve in 1622^[5] his mercer uncle Henry Hawley, who newly appointed as the English East India Company's chief merchant in the East Indies.

Hawley's brother, James,^[6] had served his mercer's apprenticeship with his uncle Henry Hawley and may have settled in Virginia. Hawley appointed his brother William to colonise and govern St. Croix, one of the Virgin Islands, but the islands were taken over by the Spanish.^[7]

Hawley's sister Susan, married Richard Peers,^[8] another planter, and in Hawley's absence, the acting deputy governor.^[2] In addition, he was also brother in law of Richard Ashcraft (1590–1600).^[9]

Hawley's eldest brother, Jerome, was one of eight investors in the founding of Maryland colony and served in the colony's General Assembly.

Governor of Barbados

As Captain Henry Hawley, he was appointed governor of Barbados in 1630, arriving in June that year initially in the capacity of Commissioner to James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle. After a struggle over patents with Sir William Courten, Hay had emerged as the proprietor of the island. He died heavily in debt in 1636 and, for the minority of his son, trustees were appointed to administer his estate. They made onerous tax demands on Barbados to settle the Hay family debts. Hawley enforced high taxes and tariffs, at a cost of damage to trade.^{[citation needed]}

Modern historians, such as Larry Dale Gragg^[10] and Mathew Parker^[11] have noted that Governor Henry Hawley's rule of the island was deeply unpopular, noting that he "was universally held to be a tyrant" and a "drunkard". Some historians have argued that he brought in the first ever slave code in Barbados in 1636^[12] which stipulated that Black slaves brought to Barbados to be sold should be enslaved for life, although some^[13] doubt it ever existed. Darryll Clarke,^[14] author of Governor Henry Hawley and the 1636 Slave Code makes the case for its existence and points out that this slave code is central to historiographical understanding of the history of slavery in the West Indies. The first official slave code in Barbados was introduced in 1661 by the colonial legislature.^[15]

References

^ Schomburgk, Robert Hermann (1848). The History of Barbados. p. 684. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b Jamaican Family Search Genealogy Research Library: MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS. PARISH OF ST. MICHAEL. ST. MICHAEL'S CATHEDRAL CHURCH.
^ See londonroll.org for Mercer company archives using all possible variations on the surname of Hawley including Halle, Halley, Haule, Hauley etc. The existence of intergenerational Hawley family members can be discerned dating back to the 1400s.
^ See londonroll.org
^ See East India company minutes for that year available through British History online
^ See londonroll.org Mercers'records
^ THE EARLY EUROPEAN COLONIZATION OF ST. CROIX (1621-1642). Written by Alfredo E. Figueredo. Page 1.
^ see parish records for 1624 for Clement Dane Church in London
^ Ancestry.com Notes for Richard Ashcraft bC1590-1600. Richard Peers and Susan Hawley took Richard Ashcraft's orphaned son with them to Barbados in 1628 as an apprentice, who later married their daughter, Elizabeth.
^ Larry Dale Gragg: Englishmen Transplanted: The English colonisation of Barbados 1627-1660
^ Mathew Parker: The Sugar Barons: Family, Corruption, Empire and War in the West Indies
^ The 1636 slave code appeared in a 1741 publication, Some Memoirs of the First Settlement of the Island of Barbados which recalled that "It was resolved that Negroes and Indians that came here to be sold, should serve for life, unless a contract existed to the contrary."
^ Prof. Jerome S Handler, (2014) Custom and Law: the enslavement of Africans in seventeenth century Barbados
^ 2017 ebook only available on Amazon
^ Rugemer, Edward B. (2013). "The Development of Mastery and Race in the Comprehensive Slave Codes of the Greater Caribbean during the Seventeenth Century". The William and Mary Quarterly. 70 (3): 429–458. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.70.3.0429. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.70.3.0429.