Hemp in France

Hemp (French: chanvre) has been grown continuously in France for hundreds of years or longer for use as a textile, paper, animal bedding, and for nautical applications.

History

There is archaeological evidence that Neolithic Europeans used hemp cloth in what is now Southern France 4,000 years BP.^[1]^[2] Hemp was introduced as a crop from Central and East Asia to Europe by the Scythians during the Bronze Age, and it was cultivated in France by 1000 CE and used for a number of purposes including canvas for sails and sacks, rope, and as a textile.^[3]^[4] William Shakespeare wrote of the quality of hemp cloth from Locronan in the tragedy Coriolanus.^[5]^[a] The Corderie Royale was built at Arsenal de Rochefort in 1666 for hemp rope needed by the Royal (French) Navy's rigging.^[7] In the 19th century, hemp production reached 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres).^[8] Breton hemp (from Brittany) was considered some of the finest in the world.^[9] The French Navy "always"^{[clarification needed]} used national hemp sources for oakum necessary to seal wooden boats and ships.^[10]

Decline

Production declined and nearly went extinct^[b] with the introduction of other fibers, especially cotton,^[12] until its reintroduction in the 1960s.^[13]^[14] France is the only Western European country that never prohibited hemp cultivation in the 20th century.^[15]^[16]^[17]

Modern hemp

France produced more than half of the hemp in Europe most years between 1993 and 2015.^[c] Most modern hemp seed cultivars originate from France and a handful of other European countries, or China.^[19] Hemp fiber from France is used to make hemp paper and the hurds are used to make bedding for horses and other domesticated animals.^[3]^[d] As of 1994, most of the crop was used to make high quality paper for Bibles, currency and rolling paper.^[11]^[20]

Coopérative Centrale Des Producteurs De Semences De Chanvre is the main supplier of hempseed in the European Union.^[21]

Notes

^ Act II, scene I refer to the fabric lockram, derived from Locronan^[6]
^ 700 hectares planted in 1960 was France's minimum recorded crop^[11]
^ According to European Industrial Hemp Association, only Spain produced more than France, in 1998^[18]
^ Horse bedding consumed 45% of the hurds in 2010 and 2013^[20]

References

^ Barber 1991, p. 17.
^ Clarke & Merlin 2013, pp. 104.
^ ^a ^b Carus & Sarmento 2016, p. 1.
^ Clarke & Merlin 2013, pp. 101, 103.
^ Hemp in France, Hash, Marihuana & Hemp Museum, Amsterdam, retrieved 2018-02-17
^ Williams 1905, p. 540.
^ Bouloc 2013, p. 16.
^ Legros 2013, p. 72.
^ Encyclopedia Americana 1919, p. 91.
^ Vesey 1854, p. 43.
^ ^a ^b Girouard 1994.
^ Mokyr 2003, p. 303.
^ Bouloc 2013, p. 72.
^ Bouloc 2013, p. 98.
^ EU hemp: history of deregulation, Hokkaido Industrial Hemp Association, accessed 2019-02-17
^ Merfield 1999, p. 8.
^ Smith-Heisters 2008, p. 4.
^ Carus & Sarmento 2016, p. 2.
^ CRS 2017, p. 6.
^ ^a ^b Carus & Sarmento 2016, p. 5.
^ Legros 2013, p. 101.

Sources

Barber, E.J.W. (1991). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00224-8.
Bouloc, Pierre, ed. (2013), "The history of hemp", Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses, CAB books, ISBN 9781845937935
Carus, Michael; Sarmento, Luis (May 2016), The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, processing and applications for fibres, shivs, seeds and flowers (PDF), European Industrial Hemp Association
Clarke, Robert; Merlin, Mark (1 September 2013), "Diffusion into Europe and the Mediterranean", Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany, University of California Press, pp. 103–123, ISBN 978-0-520-95457-1, OCLC 92796711
Dodge, Charles Richard (1919). "Hemp". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 14. Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. pp. 90–92. OCLC 836110293.
Girouard, Patrick (1994), Insights of the French Hemp Program, REAP Canada – via Ecological Agriculture Projects website, McGill University
Johnson, Renée (March 10, 2017). "Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. CRS report RL32725. Retrieved 2019-02-16. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Legros, Sandrine (2013), "Factors affecting the industrial production of hemp – experimental results from France", in Bouloc, Pierre (ed.), Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses, CAB books, pp. 72–99, ISBN 9781845937935
Vesey, W.N. (March 6, 1854). "French dominions: Ship building". In Flagg, Edmund (ed.). Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries. United States. Dept. of State / U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 41–45.
Merfield, Charles N. (November 1999), Industrial hemp and its potential for New Zealand, The Biological Husbandry Unit (BHU) Future Farming Centre, Lincoln University
Mokyr, Joel (2003), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-510507-0
Smith-Heisters, Skaidra (2008), Illegally green: environmental costs of hemp prohibition, Reason Foundation, Policy study 367
Williams, William Henry (1905), Specimens of the Elizabethan Drama from Lyly to Shirley, A.D. 1580-A.D. 1642, Clarendon Press

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[7] Act II, scene I refer to the fabric lockram, derived from Locronan^[6]

[13] 700 hectares planted in 1960 was France's minimum recorded crop^[11]

[21] According to European Industrial Hemp Association, only Spain produced more than France, in 1998^[18]

[24] Horse bedding consumed 45% of the hurds in 2010 and 2013^[20]

[FOOTNOTEBarber199117-1] Barber 1991, p. 17.

[FOOTNOTEClarkeMerlin2013104-2] Clarke & Merlin 2013, pp. 104.

[FOOTNOTECarusSarmento20161-3] Carus & Sarmento 2016, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEClarkeMerlin2013101,_103-4] Clarke & Merlin 2013, pp. 101, 103.

[5] Hemp in France, Hash, Marihuana & Hemp Museum, Amsterdam, retrieved 2018-02-17

[FOOTNOTEWilliams1905540-6] Williams 1905, p. 540.

[FOOTNOTEBouloc201316-8] Bouloc 2013, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTELegros201372-9] Legros 2013, p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Americana191991-10] Encyclopedia Americana 1919, p. 91.

[FOOTNOTEVesey185443-11] Vesey 1854, p. 43.

[FOOTNOTEGirouard1994-12] Girouard 1994.

[FOOTNOTEMokyr2003303-14] Mokyr 2003, p. 303.

[FOOTNOTEBouloc201372-15] Bouloc 2013, p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEBouloc201398-16] Bouloc 2013, p. 98.

[17] EU hemp: history of deregulation, Hokkaido Industrial Hemp Association, accessed 2019-02-17

[FOOTNOTEMerfield19998-18] Merfield 1999, p. 8.

[FOOTNOTESmith-Heisters20084-19] Smith-Heisters 2008, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTECarusSarmento20162-20] Carus & Sarmento 2016, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTECRS20176-22] CRS 2017, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTECarusSarmento20165-23] Carus & Sarmento 2016, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTELegros2013101-25] Legros 2013, p. 101.

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[b]

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Hemp in France

History

Decline

Modern hemp

See also

Notes

References

Sources

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