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Hematodinium perezi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	SAR
(unranked):	Alveolata
Phylum:	Dinoflagellata
Class:	Dinophyceae
Order:	Peridiniales
Family:	Syndiniaceae
Genus:	Hematodinium
Species:	H. perezi
Binomial name
	Hematodinium perezi; Chatton & Poisson, 1931

Hematodinium perezi is a pathogenic dinoflagellate parasite that infects crustaceans, including the Blue Crab and Norway Lobster and has been observed to have a significant impact on crustacean fisheries.^[1] Infected crustaceans frequently show signs of weakness and lethargy, and often die due to stress-related handling from fishing as well as metabolic exhaustion due to reduced feeding.^[2] This parasite is known to be quite transmissible between various crustacean hosts.^[3]

H. perezi is the type species of the genus Hematodinium, and H. perezi has only recently been identified as the specific parasitic cause of Bitter Crab Disease. In the east coast of the United States, the disease is most prevalent in the autumn months when the species blooms off the Mid-Atlantic coast.^[4] Infected crabs have been observed to have mortality rates as high as 86 percent after only a few weeks, and infection is found to be more prevalent in higher salinity waters towards the mouth of the bay where Callinectes go to spawn, generally 12 PSU and up.^[5]

H. perezi demonstrates tropism for the hemolymph of crabs and diagnosis of Hematodinium infection can be made with through microscopic visualization of the parasite in prepared slides.^[6]

References

^ Huang, Q.; Li, M.; Wang, F.; Li, C. (2019). "The parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi infecting mudflat crabs, Helice tientsinensis, in polyculture system in China". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 166: 107229. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2019.107229. PMID 31394065. S2CID 199503609.
^ [https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/aah-saa/diseases-maladies/hphacb-eng.html Government of Canada-Hematodinium perezi and Hematodinium sp. of Atlantic Crabs
^ NOAA Fisheries-The Epizootiology of Hematodinium perezi
^ Newman, Martin W.; Johnson, Charles A. (June 1975). "A Disease of Blue Crabs (Callinectes sapidus) Caused by a Parasitic Dinoflagellate, Hematodinium sp". The Journal of Parasitology. 61 (3): 554–7. doi:10.2307/3279346. JSTOR 3279346.
^ Messick, Gretchen A.; Shields, Jeffrey D. (14 November 2000). "Epizootiology of the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp. in the American blue crab Callinectes sapidus*" (PDF). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 43 (2): 139–52. doi:10.3354/dao043139. PMID 11145454. S2CID 17321334. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
^ Stentiford, Grant D.; Shields, Jeffrey D. (2005-08-09). "A review of the parasitic dinoflagellates Hematodinium species and Hematodinium-like infections in marine crustaceans". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 66 (1): 47–70. doi:10.3354/dao066047. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 16175968.

Lohan, Katrina; McDowell, Jan; Shields, Jeffrey; Reece, Kimberly (February 2014). "Genotypic variation in the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi along the Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia". Marine Biology. 161 (2): 261–273. Bibcode:2014MarBi.161..261P. doi:10.1007/s00227-013-2332-3. S2CID 54079257.
Small, Hamish J.; Shields, Jeffrey D.; Reece, Kimberly S.; Bateman, Kelly; Stentiford, Grant D. (2011). "Morphological and molecular characterization of Hematodinium perezi (Dinophyceae: Syndiniales), a dinoflagellate parasite of the harbour crab, Liocarcinus depurator". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00592.x. PMID 22092696. S2CID 36550547.
Li, Caiwen; Song, Shuqun; Liu, Yun; Chen, Tiantian (18 February 2013). "Hematodinium infections in cultured Chinese swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, in northern China". Aquaculture. 396: 59–65. Bibcode:2013Aquac.396...59L. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.02.022.
Newman, Martin; Johnson, Charles (Jun 1975). "A Disease of Blue Crabs (Callinectes sapidus) Caused by a Parasitic Dinoflagellate, Hematodinium sp". Parasitology. 61 (3): 554–557. doi:10.2307/3279346. JSTOR 3279346. S2CID 51777294.