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The Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect (after Hermann von Helmholtz and V. A. Kohlrausch^[1]) is a perceptual phenomenon where some hues, even when of the same lightness, appear to be bolder than others.

Explanation

Any colored lights will seem brighter to human observers than pure white light. Oftentimes this makes more saturated colors actually seem lighter than shades of gray, no matter how bright they are. Certain colors do not have significant effect, however; any hue of colored lights still seem brighter than white light of the same brightness. Two colors that do not have as great of an Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect as the others are green and yellow.^[2]

The Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect is affected by the viewing environment. This includes the surroundings of the object and the lighting that the object is being viewed under. The Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect works best in darker environments where there are not any other outside factors influencing the colors. For example, this is why theaters are all dark environments, so more saturated colors on the screen can "pop out" even more than they would normally.^[2]

An example of this lightness factor would be if there were different colors on a grey background that all are of the same lightness as it is, as in the image above right. Obviously the colors look different because they are different hues, not just gray, but if the image were converted all to grayscale, all of the colors would match the grey background because they all have the same lightness as it does.^[2]

Brightness

Perceived brightness is affected most by what is surrounding the object. In other words, the object can look lighter or darker depending on what is around it. In addition, the brightness can also appear different depending on the color of the object. For example, an object of a grayer color than the exact same object, but this time in a less gray color, will look darker, even when both are just as bright.^[3]

The difference between brightness and lightness is that the brightness is the intensity of the object independent of the light source. Lightness is the brightness of the object in respect to the light reflecting on it. This is important because the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect is a measure of the ratio between the two.^[3]

Helmholtz color coordinates

Similar to the Munsell color system, Helmholtz designed a color coordinate system, where chromaticity is defined by dominant wavelength and purity (chroma).^[4]

The percentage of purity for each wavelength can be determined by the equation below:^[4]

\%P=100\cdot (S-N)/(DW-N),

where %P is the percent of purity, S is the point being assessed, N is the position of the white point, and DW the dominant wavelength.^[4]

Modelling

Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect has been described in mathematical models by Fairchild and Pirrotta 1991, Nayatani 1997, and most recently High, Green, and Nussbamm 2023. Given a color's CIELAB coordinates, these methods produce an adjusted "equivalent achromatic lightness" L*_EAL, i.e. the shade of grey humans think is as bright as the color.^[5]

Effects on industry

Entertainment

It is essential for lighting technicians to be aware of the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect when working in theaters or in other venues where lighting is often used. In order to get the greatest effect to illuminate their stage or theater, the lighting users need to understand that color has an effect on brightness. For example, one color may appear brighter than another but really they have the same brightness. On stage, lighting users have the ability to make a white light appear much brighter by adding a color gel. This occurs even though gels can only absorb some of the light.^[2] When lighting a stage, the lighting users tend to choose reds, pinks, and blues because they are highly saturated colors and are really very dim. However, we perceive them as being brighter than the other colors because they are most affected by the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect. We perceive that the color white does not look any brighter to us than individual colors. LED lights are a good example of this.

Aviation

The Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect influences the use of LED lights in different technological practices. Aviation is one field that relies upon the results of the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect. A comparison of runway LED lamps and filtered and unfiltered incandescent lights all at the same luminance shows that in order to accomplish the same brightness, the white reference incandescent lamp needs to have twice the luminance of the red LED lamp, therefore suggesting that the LED lights do appear to have a greater brightness than the traditional incandescent lights. One condition that affects this theory is the presence of fog.^[4]

Automotive

Another field that uses this is the automotive industry. LEDs in the dashboard and instrument lighting are designed for use in mesopic luminance. In studies, it has been found that red LEDs appear brighter than green LEDs under these conditions, which means that a driver would be able to see red light more intensely and would thus be more alerting than green lights when driving at night.^[4]^{[better source needed]}

References

^ Kohlrausch, V. A. (1935). "Zur photometrie farbiger lichtern". Das Licht. 6: 259–279.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wood, Mike (2012). "Lightness – The Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect" (PDF). Out of the Wood. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ ^a ^b Corney, D; Haynes, JD; Rees, G; Lotto, RB (2009). "The Brightness of Colour". PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e5091. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5091C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005091. PMC 2659800. PMID 19333398.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Donofrio, Robert L. (2011). "Review Paper: The Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect". Journal of the Society for Information Display. 19 (10): 658–664. doi:10.1889/JSID19.10.658. S2CID 53735017.
^ High, Gregory; Green, Phil; Nussbaum, Peter (March 2023). "The Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect on display-based light colors and simulated substrate colors". Color Research & Application. 48 (2): 167–177. doi:10.1002/col.22839.

Yoshinobu, Nayatani (February 1998). "A colorimetric Explanation of the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect". Color Research & Application. 23 (6): 374–378. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199812)23:6<374::AID-COL5>3.0.CO;2-W.
Yoshinobu, Nayatani. (June 1997). "Simple Estimation Methods for the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect". Color Research & Application. 22 (6): 385–401. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199712)22:6<385::AID-COL6>3.0.CO;2-R.