Hellespontine Phrygia

Hellespontine Phrygia
Satrapy of the Persian Empire
525 BC–321 BC

The location of Hellespontine Phrygia, and the provincial capital of Dascylium, in the Achaemenid Empire, c. 500 BC.
CapitalDascylium
(modern-day Ergili, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey)
History 
• Established
525 BC
• Disestablished
321 BC
 Succeeded by
Macedonian Empire
An Achaemenid dynast of Hellespontine Phrygia attacking a Greek psilos, Altıkulaç Sarcophagus, early 4th century BC.

Hellespontine Phrygia (Ancient Greek: Ἑλλησποντιακὴ Φρυγία, romanized: Hellēspontiakē Phrygia) or Lesser Phrygia (Ancient Greek: μικρᾶ Φρυγία, romanized: mikra Phrygia) was a Persian satrapy (province) in northwestern Anatolia, directly southeast of the Hellespont.[1] Its capital was Dascylium, and for most of its existence it was ruled by the hereditary Persian Pharnacid dynasty.[2] Together with Greater Phrygia, it made up the administrative provinces of the wider Phrygia region.[3]

History

The Polyxena sarcophagus from Hellespontine Phrygia, in Late Greek Archaic style, 520-500 BC. Çanakkale Archaeological Museum.

The satrapy was created in the beginning of the fifth century BC, during the time of administrative reorganisations of the territories in western Asia Minor,[4] which were amongst the most important Achaemenid territories.

The first Achaemenid ruler of Hellespontine Phrygia was Mitrobates (ca. 525–522 BC), who was appointed by Cyrus the Great and continued under Cambises. He was killed and his territory absorbed by the satrap of neighbouring Lydia, Oroetes. Following the reorganization of Darius I, Mitrobates was succeeded by Oebares II (c.493), son of Megabazus.

Artabazus then became satrap circa 479 BC and started the Pharnacid dynasty, which would rule Hellespontine Phrygia until the conquests of Alexander the Great (338 BC).[5][6][7]

As Alexander the Great was conquering and incorporating the Achaemenid Empire, he appointed Calas, a Macedonian General to govern Hellespontine Phrygia in 334 BC, after he had sent Parmenion to secure Dascylium, the provincial capital.[8] Calas, being the very first non-Achaemenid ruler of the province, was awarded the Persian title of "satrap", rather than a Macedonian title, and Alexander instructed him to collect the same tribute from his subjects that had been paid to Darius III.[8] After Alexander's death in 323, the satrapy was awarded to Leonnatus, who was killed in action in the Lamian War. The region was seized by Lysimachus, was added to the Seleucid Empire after the Battle of Corupedium (281 BC), and was finally integrated in the Bithynian kingdom.[9]

Persian satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia

Achaemenid satraps

Pharnacid dynasty
(Satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia)
c.550–497 BCE (Pharnaces)
c.480–455 BCE Artabazus I
c.455–430 BCE Pharnabazus I
c.430–420 BCE Pharnaces II
c.413–374 BCE Pharnabazus II
c.407–362 BCE Ariobarzanes
c.389–329 BCE Artabazus II
c.370–320 BCE Pharnabazus III

Alexandrian satraps

References

  1. ^ Jona Lendering. "Hellespontine Phrygia". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  2. ^ Jona Lendering. "Hellespontine Phrygia". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  3. ^ Scott 1995, p. 183.
  4. ^ Kinzl 2008, p. 551.
  5. ^ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. p. 351. ISBN 9781575061207.
  6. ^ Jona Lendering. "Hellespontine Phrygia". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  7. ^ Jona Lendering. "Pharnabazus (2)". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b Lyons 2015, p. 30.
  9. ^ Jona Lendering. "Hellespontine Phrygia". Livius. Livius.org. Retrieved 28 December 2015.

Sources

  • Kinzl, Konrad H. (2008). A Companion to the Classical Greek World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405172011.
  • Lyons, Justin D. (2015). Alexander the Great and Hernán Cortés: Ambiguous Legacies of Leadership. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1498505284.
  • Scott, James M. (1995). Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament and Jewish Background of Paul's Mission to the Nations with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3161463778.