Helicia

Helicia
Helicia ceylanica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Grevilleoideae
Tribe: Roupaleae
Subtribe: Heliciinae
Genus: Helicia
Lour.
Type species
Helicia cochinchinensis
Lour.[1][2]

Helicia is a genus of 110 species of trees and shrubs, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae.[3] They grow naturally in rainforests throughout tropical South and Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea and as far south as New South Wales.

Conservation

At global, national and regional government scales, many Helicia species have been threatened with extinction, as officially recognised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and by continental, national and local governments. Seventeen species have official IUCN global conservation statuses of either "critically endangered", "endangered", "vulnerable" or "near threatened" (in terms of global extinction).

Naming and classification

In 1790, notable pioneer botanist João de Loureiro described this genus as Helicia in his publication Flora Cochinchinensis.[1][2] The type species for the genus was Helicia cochinchinensis, the type specimen of which was collected in Cochinchina, Vietnam.[1][2] The genus name derives from the Greek word "έλιξ" (élix), which refers to the petals, now called tepals, spirally revolving or simply rolling or coiling up on themselves, at anthesis (the flowering time when the anthers open).[1][4][5]

In 1831, botanist Nathaniel Wallich named Helicia robusta for a dried specimen of a cultivated plant in India,[6] based on the specimen's earlier 1814 name Roupala robusta by William Roxburgh.[7] Roxburgh's Calcutta botanic gardens cultivated the plant.

From the 1850s to the 1860s notable German–Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller formally described several new Australian species.[8][9][10] In the late 1800s and early 1900s Frederick M. Bailey concentrated further on additional Queensland species, writing descriptions of them in numerous scientific papers.[11][12][13]

In 1939, Hermann O. Sleumer described many additional Malesian species, especially in New Guinea.[14] In 1955, he published a revision of the genus.[15] In 1956, his treatment of the genus in Flora Malesiana was published.[16] From 1969 to the late 1990s botanist Don B. Foreman, who was based in Papua New Guinea and Australia, collected numerous additional species, which he formally described before he wrote the comprehensive reviews and flora treatments for the two regions;[17][18][19][20] notably in the authoritative Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea (1978–1995, to date 3 volumes), he wrote the chapters for Proteaceae and other families;[21] and in the authoritative Flora of Australia (1981–, 60 volume series) he wrote the treatment of Helicia.[4]

From the 1990s botanist Richard C. K. Chung, based in Malaysia, published new species formal descriptions and a revision of the 13 species occurring in Borneo.[22][23] In total, approximately 100 species have been formally scientifically described.[24][25][26]

Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs grouped Helicia with Xylomelum in the subtribe Heliciinae, tribe Helicieae, and subfamily Grevilleoideae in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family".[27] However, genetics studies showed these two to be relatively unrelated, instead finding the closest genetic correlations between Hollandaea and Helicia, and therefore classifying them both in the subtribe Heliciinae within the tribe Roupaleae.[24]

Diversity and description

Helicia glabriflora from New South Wales, Australia

Helicia plants generally grow naturally as small trees, while some species grow as shrubs and some grow to medium-sized trees up to 30 m (100 ft).[16][21][28]

They grow naturally across the Malesia region with the major centre of species diversity of about fifty species in New Guinea. They grow naturally in the south west Pacific ocean region, and in north and eastern Australia. They grow naturally across southern and eastern Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia and another centre of species diversity of about twenty species in southern China, extending to parts of the Indian subcontinent, the Philippines, Taiwan, and southern Japan.[16][21][24] The plant family Proteaceae's 1,700 species (approximate) have their greatest diversity in the southern hemisphere and smaller centres of diversity including some Helicia, in the near northern hemisphere. The species diversity of the plant family Proteaceae decreases further northwards. H. cochinchinensis has the natural distribution reaching furthest north to Japan where it grows into trees in the mountains of warmer parts and where no other species nor other Proteaceae genera occur. The same Japanese name Yama-mogashi (山もがし) for this species, also means the whole genus and the entire Proteaceae plant family.[29] In the New Guinea and southern China centres of species diversity, many species grow in forests, up to as tall as the sub-canopy, especially diverse in rainforests.[21][24] In Australia, they are generally components of rainforests, and prefer richer soils,[28] especially in the farthest south region of Helicia's global distribution, the Illawarra, New South Wales, south of Sydney, where only one species H. glabriflora occurs, preferring richer basalt soils.[30][31]

Cultivation

In India and east Asia, Helicias have been cultivated in botanic gardens, from the 1800s.[7] In Australia they have rarely been cultivated, and were thought to have little horticultural value. The rusty-coloured new growth is attractive on some species.[28] In some of the better known Australian species, the flowers and fruit are generally not prominent, and plants can be slow growing. They are generally propagated by seed, the viability of which drops rapidly with time.[32]

Species

(this list may have a small number of species missing, presently[when?] it has 99, out of the approximate total stated by sources of 110)

References

  1. ^ a b c d Loureiro, João de (1790). "Helicia: Helicia cochinchinensis". Flora Cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes. Vol. 1. Typis, et expensis academicis. p. 83. Retrieved 21 Apr 2013 – via biodiversitylibrary.org.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Helicia". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 Mar 2023.
  3. ^ "Helicia Lour. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 3 Feb 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Foreman, Don B. (1995a). "Helicia". In McCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 393–399. ISBN 978-0-643-05692-3.
  5. ^ Helicia formosana flowers closeup by mingiweng 3 July 2007 on Flickr
    Helicia formosana flowers closeup by Foggy Forest 17 July 2012 on Flickr
    Helicia formosana flowers closeup by mingiweng 12 June 2007 on Flickr
  6. ^ Wallich, Nathaniel (1831). "no. 2702 Helicia robusta". Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the East India Company which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the [company's] botanic garden at Calcutta. London (published 1828–1849). Retrieved 21 Apr 2013 – via biodiversitylibrary.org.
  7. ^ a b Roxburgh, William; Carey, William (1814). "Roupala robusta Roxb.". Hortus Bengalensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Growing in the Hounourable East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta. (Hort. Bengal.). Serampore: Mission Press. p. 83. Retrieved 21 Apr 2013 – via wmcarey.edu/carey/hortus/.
  8. ^ a b Mueller, Ferdinand von (1857). "Nova genera et species aliquot rariores in Plagis Australiae Intratropicis nuperrime detecta: Helicia australasica". Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany. 9: 22. Retrieved 21 Apr 2013.
  9. ^ a b Mueller, Ferdinand von (Aug 1860). "Helicia glabriflora". XIII (fascicle). Vol. 2. Auctoritate Gubern. Coloniæ Victoriæ, Ex Officina Joannis Ferres. p. 91. Retrieved 7 Dec 2014 – via biodiversitylibrary.org. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b Mueller, Ferdinand von (May 1862). "Helicia ferruginea". XVIII (fascicle). Vol. 3. Auctoritate Gubern. Coloniæ Victoriæ, Ex Officina Joannis Ferres. p. 37. Retrieved 7 Dec 2014 – via biodiversitylibrary.org. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b Bailey, F.M., (1899) Contributions to the Flora of Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal 5(4)
  12. ^ a b Bailey, F.M., (1901) The Queensland Flora 4
  13. ^ a b c d e Bailey, F.M., (1913) Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Sleumer, Hermann O. (1939). "Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Proteaceen Papuasiens". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik. 70 (1).
  15. ^ Sleumer, Hermann O. (1955). "Studies in old world Proteaceae, 5, A revision of the genus Helicia Lour". Blumea. 8: 7–79.
  16. ^ a b c Sleumer (1956), pp. 164–190.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Foreman, Don B. (1984). "A review of the genus Helicia Lour. (Proteaceae) in Australia". Brunonia. 6 (1): 59. doi:10.1071/bru9830059.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Foreman, Don B. (1985). "Seven new species of Helicia Lour. (Proteaceae) from Papua New Guinea". Muelleria. 6 (2): 79–92. doi:10.5962/p.184061. S2CID 251004331.
  19. ^ a b Foreman, Don B. (1986). "A new species of Helicia, new combinations and lectotypification in Triunia (Proteaceae) from Australia". Muelleria. 6 (3). pp. 193–96, fig. 1.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Foreman, Don B. (1988). "New species of Helicia Lour. (Proteaceae) from the Vogelkop Peninsula, Irian Jaya". Kew Bulletin. 53 (3): 669–681. doi:10.2307/4110485. JSTOR 4110485.
  21. ^ a b c d Foreman (1995), pp. 221–270.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chung, Richard C. K. (2001). "Taxonomic notes on the Bornean Helicia and Heliciopsis (Proteaceae)" (PDF). Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 13 (3): 534–547. Retrieved 24 Apr 2013.
  23. ^ a b c Chung, Richard C. K. (1998). "New species of Helicia Lour. and Heliciopsis Sleumer (Proteaceae) from Borneo". The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 50: 151–160. Retrieved 29 Jan 2014 – via biodiversitylibrary.org.
  24. ^ a b c d Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006). "A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera". Telopea. 11 (3): 314–344. doi:10.7751/telopea20065733.
  25. ^ Stevens, Peter F. (Sep 2013) [2001 onwards]. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website – Proteaceae". Version 13, 28 Sep 2013 with updates. Retrieved 7 Dec 2014. Helicia (100)
  26. ^ Mabberley, David J. (May 2008). Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classifications, and Uses (3rd, revised, illustrated ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 396. ISBN 9780521820714. Helicia Lour. Proteaceae (V 1). c. 100 Indomal., Pac.
  27. ^ Johnson, Lawrie A. S.; Briggs, Barbara G. (1975). "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 70 (2): 83–182. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.
  28. ^ a b c Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. pp. 414–16. ISBN 978-0-207-17277-9.
  29. ^ a b Oi, Jisaburo (1965) [1953]. "Proteaceae: Helicia". In Meyer, Frederick G.; Walker, Egbert H. (eds.). Flora of Japan (in English): combined, much revised and extended translation by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957). Tokyo, Japan: National Science Museum. pp. 394–5.
  30. ^ a b Harden, Gwen J. (2001). "Helicia glabriflora – New South Wales Flora Online". PlantNET – The Plant Information Network System. 2.0. Sydney, Australia: The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Retrieved 25 Apr 2013.
  31. ^ a b Bofeldt, Anders (2011). "Table 1: Helicia glabriflora" (PDF). Plants at Risk in the Illawarra: Introduction to Table 1 (PDF) (Technical report). Online via LandcareIllawarra.org.au. NSW. Retrieved 25 Apr 2013.
  32. ^ Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1992). Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 4: Eu-Go. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-85091-213-5.
  33. ^ a b Foreman (1995), p. 240.
  34. ^ Martínez Richart, A.I. (2020). "Helicia acutifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T32945A123130541. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32945A123130541.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  35. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 240–241.
  36. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia albiflora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T32940A9743886. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32940A9743886.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  37. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 241–242.
  38. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia amplifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T32931A9743214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32931A9743214.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  39. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 242.
  40. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 242–243.
  41. ^ "Helicia australasica". Retrieved 22 Mar 2021. in Zich et al. (2020)
  42. ^ Benwell, A.; Ford, A.; Forster, P.; Griffith, S. (2020). "Helicia australasica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T38142A123114975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T38142A123114975.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  43. ^ "Helicia blakei". Retrieved 22 Mar 2021. in Zich et al. (2020)
  44. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 243.
  45. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 243–245.
  46. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia calocoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T37605A10065406. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37605A10065406.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  47. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 245.
  48. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 245–246.
  49. ^ Dassanayake, M. D.; Fosberg, F. R., eds. (1980). A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Amerind Publ. Co. p. 484.
  50. ^ "Helicia clivicola". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  51. ^ "Helicia cochinchinensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  52. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 246.
  53. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 246–248.
  54. ^ "Helicia dongxingensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  55. ^ "Helicia falcata". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  56. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 248.
  57. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 248–249.
  58. ^ "Helicia formosana". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  59. ^ "Helicia graciliflora". Archived from the original on 28 Dec 2013. Retrieved 23 Apr 2013. in LaFrankie (2011)
  60. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Helicia grandifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T35958A9964266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35958A9964266.en. Retrieved 15 Nov 2021. In: IUCN 2012. "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2". Archived from the original on 27 Jun 2014. Retrieved 23 Apr 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  61. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Helicia grandifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T35958A9964266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T35958A9964266.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  62. ^ "Helicia grandis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  63. ^ "Helicia grayi". Retrieved 22 Mar 2021. in Zich et al. (2020)
  64. ^ "Helicia hainanensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  65. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 250.
  66. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 250–251.
  67. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 251.
  68. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T38143A10102333. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38143A10102333.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  69. ^ "Helicia kwangtungensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  70. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 251–253.
  71. ^ "Helicia lamingtoniana". Retrieved 22 Mar 2021. in Zich et al. (2020)
  72. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 253.
  73. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia latifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T38144A10102386. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38144A10102386.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  74. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 253–254.
  75. ^ a b Foreman (1995), p. 254.
  76. ^ "Helicia lewisensis". Retrieved 22 Mar 2021. in Zich et al. (2020)
  77. ^ "Helicia longipetiolata". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  78. ^ "Helicia loranthoides". Archived from the original on 28 Dec 2013. Retrieved 23 Apr 2013. in LaFrankie (2011)
  79. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 254–255.
  80. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 255.
  81. ^ a b Foreman (1995), p. 256.
  82. ^ Sleumer (1956), p. 181.
  83. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia neglecta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T38145A10102446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38145A10102446.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  84. ^ "Helicia nilagirica". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  85. ^ "Helicia nortoniana". Retrieved 22 Mar 2021. in Zich et al. (2020)
  86. ^ "Helicia obovatifolia". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  87. ^ "Helicia obovatifolia var. mixta". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  88. ^ "Helicia obovatifolia var. obovatifolia". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  89. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 257.
  90. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 257–258.
  91. ^ a b Foreman (1995), p. 258.
  92. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 258–259.
  93. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 259.
  94. ^ "Helicia paucinervia". Archived from the original on 28 Dec 2013. Retrieved 23 Apr 2013. in LaFrankie (2011)
  95. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 259–260.
  96. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Helicia peekelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T37610A10065914. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37610A10065914.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  97. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 260.
  98. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia peltata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T32936A9743538. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32936A9743538.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  99. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 260–261.
  100. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia polyosmoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T37609A10065785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37609A10065785.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  101. ^ "Helicia pyrrhobotrya". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  102. ^ "Helicia rengetiensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  103. ^ a b Foreman (1995), p. 262.
  104. ^ "Helicia reticulata". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  105. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Helicia retusa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T37608A10065677. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37608A10065677.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  106. ^ "Helicia robusta". Archived from the original on 28 Dec 2013. Retrieved 23 Apr 2013. in LaFrankie (2011)
  107. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 262–263.
  108. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Helicia rostrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T37606A10065491. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37606A10065491.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  109. ^ a b Foreman (1995), p. 263.
  110. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 264.
  111. ^ Sleumer (1956), p. 169.
  112. ^ Foreman (1995), pp. 264–265.
  113. ^ "Helicia shweliensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  114. ^ Martínez Richart, A.I. (2020). "Helicia shweliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T32409A139922029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T32409A139922029.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  115. ^ "Helicia silvicola". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  116. ^ a b Foreman (1995), p. 265.
  117. ^ Eddowes, P.J. (1998). "Helicia subcordata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T37614A10066305. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T37614A10066305.en. Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  118. ^ Tsen, S.; Felix, E. C.; Julia, S.; Khoo, E.; Maycock, C.R.; Nilus, R.; Sugau, J. & Pereira, J.T. (2022). "Helicia symplocoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T138790767A168341546. Retrieved 17 Feb 2024.
  119. ^ "Helicia tibetensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  120. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 265–267.
  121. ^ "Helicia tsaii". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  122. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 267.
  123. ^ "Helicia vestita". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  124. ^ "Helicia vestita var. longipes". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  125. ^ "Helicia vestita var. vestita". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)
  126. ^ Foreman (1995), p. 267–268.
  127. ^ "Helicia yangchunensis". Retrieved 21 Apr 2013. in Qiu & Weston (2004)

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White Russian (cocktail)

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1970 Quebec general election

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Ornsay

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Kennedy Space Center

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Airborne early warning and control

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Military deployment

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El Hijo del Vikingo

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Catarrhini

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