Helensburgh

Helensburgh
Town and former burgh
Colquhoun Square, showing plinths for the Outdoor Museum
Scotland
Scotland
Helensburgh
Location within Argyll and Bute
Area5.24 km2 (2.02 sq mi) [1]
Population13,230 (2022)[2]
• Density2,525/km2 (6,540/sq mi)
OS grid referenceNS298833
• Edinburgh61 mi (98 km) E
• London363 mi (586 km) SSE
Council area
Lieutenancy area
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townHELENSBURGH
Postcode districtG84
Dialling code01436
UK Parliament
Scottish Parliament
List of places
UK
Scotland
56°01′00″N 4°44′00″W / 56.0166°N 4.7333°W / 56.0166; -4.7333

Helensburgh (/ˈhɛlənzbərə/ HEL-ənz-bər-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Baile Eilidh) is a town on the north side of the Firth of Clyde in Scotland, situated at the mouth of the Gareloch. Historically in Dunbartonshire, it became part of Argyll and Bute following local government reorganisation in 1996.

History

History context (Prehistoric–1858)

Although it has long been known that there are some prehistoric remains in the Helensburgh area,[3] recent fieldwork by the North Clyde Archaeological Society has uncovered more.[4] However the oldest building in the town itself is Ardencaple Castle which was the ancestral home of Clan MacAulay, and the history of which may date back to the twelfth century.[5] Today only one tower of this building remains, the rest having been demolished in 1957–59.

Sir James Colquhoun, who named Helensburgh after his wife
Lady Helen Colquhoun (née Sutherland) after whom the town of Helensburgh is named

In 1752 Sir James Colquhoun (died 1786), chief of the Clan Colquhoun of Luss, bought the land which was to become Helensburgh;[3] at that time it was known by such names as Malig, Millig or Milligs.[6]

In 1776 he placed an advertisement in a Glasgow newspaper seeking to feu the land, and in particular he stated that "bonnet makers, stocking, linen and woolen weavers will meet with encouragement".[3] However his efforts were unsuccessful, partly because roads were rudimentary and also because the shore at Helensburgh made it unattractive to shipping – it was shallow, dotted with large rocks and subject to a prevailing onshore wind.

No precise date is known for the change of name to Helensburgh. However it was probably around 1785 when Sir James decided to name the town after his wife, Lady Helen Sutherland (1717–1791); she was the granddaughter of the 16th Earl of Sutherland. However, for a few years both the old and new names for the town were in use and it was also known for a time simply as the New Town. The town's coat of arms is based on those of the Colquhouns and the Sutherlands.

Helensburgh received its burgh charter from King George III in 1802.[3] This was somewhat surprising, as the 1799 Statistical Account of Scotland indicates that Helensburgh only had a population of about 100 at that time.[7] To commemorate the bicentenary of the burgh charter in 2002 many members of Helensburgh Heritage Trust combined to produce a special history book of the town.[3] Henry Bell (1767–1830) had arrived in Helensburgh by 1806. By training he was a millwright, but he had also worked for a period in a shipyard at Bo'ness. He probably designed and built the Baths Inn which he and his wife then ran as a hotel; he designed and built other buildings, such as Dalmonach Works at Bonhill in West Dunbartonshire (now demolished) and St Andrew's Parish Church in Carluke in South Lanarkshire. The Baths Inn later became the Queen's Hotel, and it is now private accommodation as part of Queen's Court at 114 East Clyde Street.

Comet

The working replica of the Comet is in Port Glasgow; it was built in 1962 for the 150th anniversary

At that time the taking of baths (hot and cold, fresh water and salt water) was considered to be advantageous to the health. As a result of his initiative Helensburgh began to develop as a holiday resort, and Bell also served as the town's first recorded Provost from 1807–09.[8]

When Henry Bell came to Helensburgh, roads to Glasgow were in poor condition and the journey by boat could take several days, depending on the strength and direction of the wind and on tidal conditions. Consequently, in 1812 Henry Bell introduced the paddle steamer Comet to bring guests from Glasgow in comfort and more speedily to his hotel. The Comet was the first commercial steamship in Europe.

That this vessel and subsequent steamships could travel straight into the wind meant that Helensburgh's shallow shore line was a much smaller problem for sailors. As a result, the town began to grow from a population of about 500 in 1810 to 2,229 by the 1841 Census. It is difficult to overstate the importance of Bell in Scottish and British economic history; not only was he a pioneer of tourism, but it can also be argued that the later pre-eminence of the River Clyde in shipbuilding was in no small measure due to him.[9]

Railway revolution

The Municipal Buildings in Princes Street East

Following the arrival of the Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway in 1858 the population of Helensburgh grew even more rapidly, reaching 5,964 in the 1871 Census. The Municipal Buildings, designed by John Honeyman, were completed in 1879.[10]

Glasgow at this time was developing very rapidly as an industrial city, but this rapid growth caused it to become dirty, smoky and unpleasant. The railway meant that the wealthier business people of Glasgow could now set up home in the fresh air of Helensburgh and commute daily between the two places. This led to the expansion of the town northwards up the hill and the building of many substantial Victorian villas.[3] The best known of these is The Hill House which was designed in 1902–03 by Glasgow architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh and which now belongs to the National Trust for Scotland. These parts of the town are laid out in the gridiron pattern, Helensburgh being an early example of a planned town in Scotland.

In 1960 the line from Helensburgh Central to Glasgow Queen Street Low Level and on to Airdrie was electrified with the then revolutionary new Blue Trains providing faster, regular interval services. Unfortunately, equipment problems led to the temporary withdrawal of the Blue Trains which did not return to traffic until late 1961. Since then traffic on this route has risen steadily, helped from October 2010 when two trains each hour commenced running right through to Edinburgh via the newly re-opened (and electrified) Airdrie-Bathgate line.

By the late 1870s the North British Railway Company (which had become owner of the Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway) felt that its steamer services were at a competitive disadvantage, because passengers had to walk from Helensburgh Station, through the town centre and down the pier, thus causing longer journey times. By contrast their competitors on the other side of the Clyde, the Caledonian Railway and the Glasgow & South Western Railway had stations right beside their piers. The North British therefore proposed to extend the railway line through the town centre from the station on to the pier.

This proposal split opinion in the town down the middle, with Parliament ultimately deciding against it. Consequently, the North British Railway Company decided to build its "station in the sea" at Craigendoran just outside the eastern boundary of the town, and this opened in 1882. Shipping services stopped in 1972 but Craigendoran railway station remains in use.[3] In 1894 the West Highland Railway (a subsidiary of the North British Railway by then) was opened from Craigendoran junction to Fort William, with a new station at Helensburgh Upper. This new railway had no significant effect on the population of the town, but it did alter its appearance, with the construction of a substantial embankment up the hill from Craigendoran and of a deep cutting on the approaches to Helensburgh Upper.[3]

World War I and II

There are 205 men and 1 woman named on Helensburgh's war memorial in Hermitage Park. In 2020 the Helensburgh War Memorial Project published its researches and added a further 59 "missing names" to the list; all were men. It also gave a variety of explanations as to why these names were not on the war memorial.[11] If the 1911 census is used, which recorded a population of 8,529, then it can be calculated that Helensburgh lost three percent of its population to the war. This is a particularly significant portion when it is considered that women, children, and elders, amongst other demographics, were not conscripted for the front line. It is thought that a similar number suffered serious physical and mental injuries.[3]

When the Second World War broke out in 1939 the British Government was concerned that London and other ports in the south of England would become the targets for German bombing. Consequently, they decided to build two military ports in Scotland which would be more difficult for German bombers to reach. In 1941 Military Port Number 1 opened at Faslane on the Gareloch, 5 miles (8 km) from Helensburgh. A railway was built linking Faslane to the West Highland Line. A vast tonnage of wartime supplies was moved through Faslane, and it was also used as a port for troop movements. Much of the area around Helensburgh was taken over by both British and American Armed Forces for a variety of wartime activities.[citation needed]

After the end of the War, Faslane was split in two. The southern half was used by the Royal Navy and the northern half for shipbreaking until 1980. In 1957 the Royal Navy closed its submarine base in Rothesay Bay and transferred it to Faslane. Six years later the British Government decided to buy seaborne nuclear weapons from the United States and to base them in submarines at Faslane which became known as the Clyde Submarine Base. This decision had a substantial impact on Helensburgh and the surrounding area particularly with the provision of housing for naval personnel. A further increase in the town's population resulted, it rising to 15,852 in the 1991 Census.[3] From 1996 surface vessels have also been based there, and this caused a change of the official name to Her Majesty's Naval Base Clyde.

Recent history and regeneration

Cherry blossom in Stafford Street

In 1971, Helensburgh was given its first conservation area, covering The Hill House and Helensburgh Upper Station.[citation needed] This was joined in 1994 by The Upper Helensburgh Conservation Area, which includes architectural works by William Leiper and Baillie Scott, and in 2019, by the Town Centre Conservation Area.[citation needed]

In a 2006 survey, Helensburgh was shown to be the second most expensive town in which to buy property in Scotland.[12]

The town contains many tree-lined streets, and the cherry blossom in the Spring is a particular feature[citation needed]; a consequence is that the town has been referred to as "the Garden City of the Clyde".[13] In 2016 the Helensburgh Tree Conservation Trust was invited to become a member of The National Tree Collections of Scotland because the range and quality of its street trees; at the time no other Scottish town had received this accolade.[14]

In 2015, Colquhoun Square underwent a major redesign (as part of a wider redevelopment project that included the west esplanade) where parts of the square were pedestrianised. An integral part of this redesign was the creation of the award-winning Outdoor Museum,[15] which consisted of the erection of 120 plinths, which over time would be gradually filled with items or replicas connected with Helensburgh's history and character, including a puppet's head used by John Logie Baird in his first television experiments and the ship's bell from Henry Bell's paddle steamer Comet.[16] In addition, a number of brass plaques have been set into the pavements and these give a description of the condition of the streets of the town in 1845.[17]

Helensburgh & Lomond Civic Centre (originally Clyde Street School)

That same year, the previously derelict Clyde Street School reopened as the Helensburgh and Lomond Civic Centre of Argyll and Bute Council after significant renovations and the addition of both a new wing and public cafe. Displays from the collections of Helensburgh Heritage Trust can also be seen there.[18][19]

The Tower Digital Arts Centre, housed in the former St Columba Church on Sinclair Street, was converted in 2016 into a first release double screen cinema and arts centre for the town.[20]

The West King Street Hall next door was converted and took on a new role two years later as the Scottish Submarine Centre.[21] The Centre now houses the last (1955) Stickleback-class submarine built for the Royal Navy.[22]

In 2016 proof was found that a building long suspected of having been designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, was actually his work. It was built as the Helensburgh & Gareloch Conservative Club, and the top floor only of this large building is now known as the Mackintosh Club. [23] It is located in the town centre at 40 Sinclair Street.

Three years later, Helensburgh's other Mackintosh work, the Hill House, became enclosed in a protective structure, known as "The Box", a cautionary measure intended to slow down damages caused by damp penetration by allowing for the building to dry out. The design of The Box is notable for its chainmail mesh walls as well as the internal walkways that allow visitors to view Hill House's exterior from elevated viewpoints.[24]

In June 2021, a pavilion was added to Hermitage Park, marking the end of a four-year project. The Park Pavilion is a Passivhaus design, believed to be the first non-domestic Passivhaus building in Scotland.

In October the following year, a £22 million leisure centre was officially opened on the Helensburgh pier, replacing the previous swimming pool which had closed two months prior.[25]

Geography and geology

Helensburgh is 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Glasgow. The town faces south towards Greenock across the Firth of Clyde, which is approximately 3 miles (5 km) wide at this point. Ocean-going ships can call at Greenock, but the shore at Helensburgh is very shallow, although to the west of the town the Gareloch is deep.[citation needed]

Helensburgh lies at the western mainland end of the Highland Boundary Fault. This means that the hills to the north of Helensburgh lie in the Highlands, whereas the land to the south of Helensburgh is in the Lowlands or Central Belt of Scotland. Consequently, there is a wide variety of landscape in the surrounding area – for example, Loch Lomond (part of Scotland's first National Park) is only 4 miles (6.4 km) over the hill to the north-east of Helensburgh. Although the Highland Boundary Fault is not geologically active, very minor earthquakes do occur occasionally in the area.[citation needed]

During the last ice age, the weight of the ice pushed the land downwards. Consequently, when the ice melted, sea levels were higher than they are now. Evidence of this can clearly be seen in Helensburgh where the first two blocks of streets nearer the sea are built on a raised beach. Behind them the land rises up quite steeply for one block and then rises more gently – and this is a former sea cliff which has been eroded. The land, now free of the weight of the ice, is slowly rising up, and the minor local earthquakes reflect this.[citation needed]

Further evidence of the last ice age can also be seen at low tide, where the beach is dotted with large boulders known as glacial erratics – these were carried from a distance inside the glaciers and dropped into their current locations when the glaciers melted.[26][3]

Climate

Helensburgh has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).

Climate data for Helensburgh (0 m asl, averages 1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9)
6.9
(44.4)
8.5
(47.3)
11.2
(52.2)
14.4
(57.9)
16.5
(61.7)
18.0
(64.4)
17.6
(63.7)
15.5
(59.9)
12.0
(53.6)
9.0
(48.2)
6.8
(44.2)
11.9
(53.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5)
1.2
(34.2)
2.1
(35.8)
3.7
(38.7)
5.9
(42.6)
8.9
(48.0)
10.8
(51.4)
10.7
(51.3)
8.8
(47.8)
6.0
(42.8)
3.6
(38.5)
1.4
(34.5)
5.4
(41.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 180.0
(7.09)
150.7
(5.93)
137.1
(5.40)
87.1
(3.43)
85.2
(3.35)
99.1
(3.90)
112.1
(4.41)
131.2
(5.17)
133.2
(5.24)
172.3
(6.78)
165.7
(6.52)
189.1
(7.44)
1,642.8
(64.66)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 18.9 16.8 15.7 13.8 13.0 14.2 14.9 16.2 15.3 17.9 19.2 18.4 194.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 36.7 63.6 97.2 143.6 187.5 141.1 143.1 141.6 109.9 77.8 50.6 32.6 1,225.3
Source: Met Office[27]

Transport

The paddle steamer Waverley leaving Helensburgh pier

The town is served by three railway stations: Helensburgh Central, Craigendoran, and Helensburgh Upper. Both Helensburgh Central and Craigendoran form part of the North Clyde Line, with Helensburgh Central acting as a terminus. Helensburgh Upper, meanwhile, is positioned on the West Highland Line and accommodates the Caledonian Sleeper.

Helensburgh is also served by a number of buses. These provide links to Glasgow, the Vale of Leven and Carrick Castle.

A special local form of transport is the paddle steamer Waverley which used to call in to Helensburgh pier during summer sailings. It advertises itself as the last sea-going paddle steamer in the world and was launched in 1946 for service from Craigendoran pier[citation needed]; however Craigendoran pier is now derelict, services having been withdrawn in 1972. Towards the end of 2018 Helensburgh pier was closed to all maritime craft because of its poor condition, and so there is no certainty as to when calls by the "Waverley" will resume.[28]

Demographics

Population and employment

In 2022 the National Records of Scotland estimated the population of Helensburgh to be 13,230. Helensburgh today acts as a commuter town for nearby Glasgow, and also serves as a main shopping centre for the area and for tourists and day trippers attracted to the town's seaside location. Helensburgh is also influenced by the presence of the Clyde Naval Base at Faslane on the Gareloch, which is home to the United Kingdom's submarine fleet with their nuclear weapons, as well as a major local employer.

Religion

St Michael and All Angels Church

Most of the major Scottish Christian denominations have churches in Helensburgh. The biggest of these was the Church of Scotland which by 1880 had 5 congregations in the town, each with its own building. However, with falling church attendances, and a vision to rationalise resources to better enable mission, these had all merged by 2015, so that the only Church of Scotland congregation is Helensburgh Parish Church in Colquhoun Square. Helensburgh is the largest Church of Scotland Parish in Scotland.

The Scottish Catholic Church has a significant influence within the town, with a parish church named St Joseph's on Lomond Street. St Joseph's church hall was originally the parish church in Helensburgh.

The St. Michael and All Angels Church holds distinction for being the town's only category A listed church. This building for the congregation of the Scottish Episcopal Church was designed in 1868 by Sir Robert Rowand Anderson.

Education

Overall, there are seven schools within Helensburgh.

Among these are three state primary schools: Colgrain, John Logie Baird, and Hermitage Primary. These schools provide pupils for Hermitage Academy, the town's state secondary school. Helensburgh also has a Roman Catholic state primary school, namely St. Joseph's.

Parklands School is also provided by Argyll and Bute Council and is a purpose-built school for pupils with Complex Special Educational Needs. Standing in the School grounds is Ardlui House which provides residential short breaks for up to 2 weeks for the same types of children and young people.

The sole independent school, Lomond School, was founded in 1977 as a result of a merger between St Bride's School (which was for girls) and Larchfield School (which was primary only and for boys). Both primary and secondary education are provided at Lomond School and the school caters for both day pupils and boarders, a large proportion of the latter coming from abroad.

Medical services

Victoria Infirmary – designed by William Leiper

The town has two medical practices, both located within the same Medical Centre in East King Street. There are also a number of dentists and opticians in the town.

Built as the Victoria Infirmary, the Victoria Integrated Care Centre no longer cares for in-patients and the original building is now little used. However a variety of clinics do take place in buildings in the grounds.

In 2006 the Helensburgh district opted to come within the NHS Highland area, which is based in Inverness. However, because of the great distance between the Helensburgh area and Inverness, NHS Highland has an arrangement with NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde which ensures that the latter provides the services needed locally.

Sport and leisure

Sports are well represented with various football, rugby, cricket, athletics, netball, hockey, curling, bowling, golf, sailing and fishing clubs amongst others active in the town. The seafront has an indoor swimming pool, an esplanade walk, a range of shops, cafes and pubs, and sailing facilities including Helensburgh Sailing Club.[29]

Helensburgh is home to a number of annual events, with the local branch of the Round Table running an annual fireworks display on Guy Fawkes Night and hosting a Real Ale Festival.[30] Helensburgh & Lomond Highland Games take place annually around the start of June.[31]

In regard to the arts, Helensburgh has a digital arts centre, known as The Tower, which functions as a cinema and also hosts live performances in music and theatre.[32]

There are a number of footpaths in and around Helensburgh, and it is also the starting point for some long distance walking and kayaking. In the town itself there are footpaths inside the Duchess Woods, Argyll & Bute's only local nature reserve.[33]

A longer footpath is the Three Lochs Way which connects Loch Lomond with Helensburgh, the Gareloch and Loch Long, and which runs for 34 miles (55 km).[34]

The longest by far of all the walks with a local start is the John Muir Way. This commemorates John Muir who is celebrated worldwide as the "Father of National Parks" and runs from Helensburgh for 134 miles (215 km) to his birthplace at Dunbar in East Lothian.[35]

The Clyde Sea Lochs Trail is a road route from Dumbarton, through Helensburgh, round the Rosneath Peninsula, and ending at Arrochar, with information panels along the way.[36]

The Argyll Sea Kayak Trail also starts at Helensburgh pier, but finishes at Oban measuring at a distance of around 95 miles (150 km).[37]

Miscellany

Twin town

Helensburgh's only twin town is Thouars in France. A twinning agreement was signed in 1983.

Notable people

Arts

Medicine

Military

Politics

Religion

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

Sports

Other

See also

References

  1. ^ "Helensburgh (Argyll and Bute, Scotland, United Kingdom) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.info. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Helensburgh Heritage Trust (2002). 200 years of Helensburgh, 1802-2002. Stewart Noble, Kenneth Crawford. Glendaruel: Argyll Pub. ISBN 1-902831-38-1. OCLC 50746581.
  4. ^ "North Clyde Archaeological Society | Home". www.spanglefish.com.
  5. ^ Edward Randolph Welles: Ardincaple and Its Lairds (Jackson, Wylie & Co 1930)
  6. ^ Joan Blaeu (or Joannis Blaeu): Theatrum Orbis Terrarum sive Atlas Novus c1654
  7. ^ The Statistical account of Scotland, 1791-1799. vol. 9, Dunbartonshire, Stirlingshire and Clackmannanshire. John, Sir Sinclair (New ed.). Wakefield: EP Pub. 1978. ISBN 0-7158-1009-X. OCLC 316356595.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ Osborne, Brian D. (1995). The ingenious Mr. Bell : a life of Henry Bell (1767-1830), pioneer of steam navigation. Glendaruel, Scotland: Argyll Pub. ISBN 1-874640-31-9. OCLC 37037301.
  9. ^ Ransom, Philip John Greer (2012). Bell's Comet : how a little Scottish paddlesteamer changed the course of history. Stroud: Amberley. ISBN 978-1-4456-0349-0. OCLC 796278962.
  10. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "1 Princes Street East And 48, 50, 52, 52A Sinclair Street, Municipal Buildings (LB34825)". Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  11. ^ "Helensburgh War Memorial Project". www.helensburghwarmemorial.co.uk.
  12. ^ "Aberdeen tops the table in Scotland". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  13. ^ Sheen, Margaret R. (November 2007). "HELENSBURGH. The "Garden City of the Clyde"" (PDF). www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Helensburgh Tree Conservation". National Tree Collections of Scotland. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  15. ^ "Helensburgh's Outdoor Museum scoops top award". Helensburgh Advertiser. 15 August 2016.
  16. ^ "The Outdoor Museum". The Outdoor Museum.
  17. ^ DKDO.co.uk, Design by AftertheNews.co.uk; Build by. "Helensburgh Outdoor Museum – Design Awards 2016 – Glasgow Institute of Architects".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Goold, David. "Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (February 9, 2017, 5:19 pm)". Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  19. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk.
  20. ^ "HOME". Toweronline.
  21. ^ "Domain for Sale". www.scottishsubmarine.com. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  22. ^ "X-51 is here! Helensburgh museum's submarine arrives in Scotland". Helensburgh Advertiser. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  23. ^ "New era for Mackintosh gallery". 7 November 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  24. ^ "Hill House Box". Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  25. ^ Borland, Craig (13 October 2022). "Ross Murdoch officially opens Helensburgh Leisure Centre". Helensburgh Advertiser. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  26. ^ Gillen, Con (2003). Geology and landscapes of Scotland. Harpenden: Terra. ISBN 1-903544-09-2. OCLC 51270614.
  27. ^ "Helensburgh (Argyll and Bute) UK climate averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  28. ^ "Saving Helensburgh pier branded a 'hopeless cause' as restoration group disbands". Helensburgh Advertiser. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  29. ^ "Home". www.helensburghsailingclub.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  30. ^ "Helensburgh and Lomond Real Ale Festival | 20th & 21st May 2011". Helensburghalefestival.co.uk. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  31. ^ "helensburghandlomondgames.co.uk - Domain Name For Sale". DAN.COM.
  32. ^ "ABOUT". thetoweronline.com.
  33. ^ "Friends of Duchess Wood".
  34. ^ "The Three Lochs Way - one of Scotland's Great Trails - linking Loch Lomond, the Gareloch and Loch Long". threelochsway.co.uk.
  35. ^ "Home | John Muir Way". johnmuirway.org.
  36. ^ "Love Loch Lomond – Scotland's premier holiday and day visit destination".
  37. ^ Argyll, Paddle. "Paddle Argyll – The official website of The Argyll Sea Kayak Trail".
  38. ^ a b "Unseen Cecil Day-Lewis poem comes to light showing basic rhymes for schoolboy". The Daily Telegraph.
  39. ^ "Literature – William Auld – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  40. ^ "Entertainment – Jack Buchanan – Heroes Centre". www.helensburghheroes.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  41. ^ Rebecca Garrett, "Helensburgh musician John Butt gets OBE in New Year Honours," S1 Helensburgh, 10 January 2013, URL="Helensburgh musician John Butt gets OBE in New Year Honours - s1Helensburgh". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  42. ^ Hanvidge, Ross (12 February 2021). "RuPaul: Drag Race star Lawrence Chaney's song tops iTunes chart". Helensburgh Advertiser. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  43. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. 17 April 2010.
  44. ^ "Movies – Andy Clyde – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  45. ^ "The Arts – Stephen Conroy – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  46. ^ "Movies – James Copeland – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  47. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. 4 April 2010.
  48. ^ Sims, Sue; Clare, Hilary (2020). Thomas, Tig (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Girls' School Stories (2nd ed.). Girls Gone By Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-84745-257-3.
  49. ^ "Literature – Tom Gallacher – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  50. ^ "Call the Midwife's Georgie Glen: 'I feel helpless in the fight against climate change - and I'm not alone!'". The Courier. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  51. ^ "The Arts – Norah Nielson Gray – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  52. ^ "The Arts – Sir James Guthrie – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  53. ^ "Kenny Hyslop". Helensburgh Heroes. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  54. ^ "Deborah Kerr". Helensburgh Heroes. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  55. ^ "The Arts – William Leiper – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  56. ^ "Literature – Robin Lloyd Jones – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  57. ^ "Entertainment – Jimmy Logan OBE – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  58. ^ "Movies – David MacDonald – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  59. ^ "Literature – Helen MacInnes – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  60. ^ "Entertainment – Lex McLean – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  61. ^ "Entertainment – Neil Mitchell – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  62. ^ "Literature – Neil Munro – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  63. ^ "Viola Paterson (Biographical details)". British Museum. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  64. ^ "The Arts – George Rickey – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  65. ^ "The Arts – Randolph Schwabe – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  66. ^ "The Arts – Louise Scullion – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  67. ^ "Movies – Martin Smith – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  68. ^ "Tom Vaughan". Helensburgh Heroes. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  69. ^ "Childrens doctor famous worldwide". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  70. ^ "Public Service – Ronald Waterson Low – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  71. ^ "Public Service – Major Phil Ashby QGM – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  72. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. 11 April 2008.
  73. ^ "Public Service – Major John Gilmour DSO MC – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  74. ^ "Public Service – James Jardine – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  75. ^ "Public Service – Vice Admiral Sir Ian McGeoch – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  76. ^ "Major-General Philip Thomas Tower, CB, DSO, MBE, GOC, Middle East Land Forces, 1967 | Helensburgh Heroes". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  77. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk.
  78. ^ "Scottish Minister Grew Up in Burgh". Helensburgh Heritage. 25 March 2016.
  79. ^ "Burgh man became peer and minister". 14 June 2015.
  80. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. 13 May 2010.
  81. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. 5 April 2010.
  82. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. 7 October 2006.
  83. ^ Bertie, David M. (2000). Scottish Episcopal Clergy, 1689–2000. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-567-08746-1.
  84. ^ "Sport – Rev Archibald Eneas Robertson – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  85. ^ "Public Service – Patrick Campbell Rodger – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  86. ^ "Science & Innovation – Horatio Scott Carslaw – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  87. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. 2 April 2010.
  88. ^ "Burgh MAEE man escaped from sunk sub". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  89. ^ "Science & Innovation – James Ballantyne Hannay – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  90. ^ "Science & Innovation – John Michael Hammersley – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  91. ^ "Helensburgh Heritage Trust". www.helensburgh-heritage.co.uk. 11 April 2008.
  92. ^ "Sport – Robert "Bobby" Brown – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  93. ^ "Sport – John Buchanan – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  94. ^ "Sport – Charlotte Cooper Sterry – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  95. ^ "Sport – Arthur Drummond Downes – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  96. ^ "Malcolm Finlayson | Helensburgh Heroes". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  97. ^ "Sport – Murdo MacLeod – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  98. ^ "Bobby McGregor MBE". Helensburgh Heroes. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  99. ^ "Sport – Michael McIntyre MBE – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  100. ^ "Sport – Moses McNeil – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  101. ^ "Sport – Peter McNeil – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  102. ^ "Helensburgh golfer Gary Orr misses cut at Qatar Masters". dailyrecord.co.uk. 30 January 2009.
  103. ^ "Sport – Derek Parlane – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  104. ^ "Sport – Luke Patience – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  105. ^ "Sport – Gordon Reid – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  106. ^ "Sport – Emma Richards MBE – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  107. ^ "Gordon Sherry on the comeback trail".
  108. ^ "Walter Smith". Helensburgh Heroes. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  109. ^ "Sport – Peter Such – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  110. ^ Jaques Waardenburg. 1999. Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion. Aims, Methods and Theories of Research, Volume I: Introduction and Anthology, p244. New York : Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016328-4
  111. ^ "Science & Innovation – William Herbert Guthrie-Smith – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.
  112. ^ "Commerce – Kim Winser OBE – Heroes Centre". www.heroescentre.co.uk.

Read other articles:

Jürgen Klinsmann Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Jürgen KlinsmannTanggal lahir 30 Juli 1964Tempat lahir Göppingen, JermanTinggi 184 m (603 ft 8 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangKarier junior1972–1974 TB Gingen1974–1978 SC Geislingen1978–1981 Stuttgarter KickersKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1981–1984 Stuttgarter Kickers 61 (22)1984–1989 VfB Stuttgart 156 (79)1989–1992 Inter Milan 95 (34)1992–1994 Monaco 65 (29)1994–1995 Tottenham Hotspur 41 (20)1995–1997 Baye...

 

 

Region of Belarus Region in Gomel, BelarusGomel Region Гомельская вобласць (Belarusian)Гомельская область (Russian)RegionFrom the top to bottom-right: Turovsky Meadow, Žlobin Holy Trinity Church, Kozieł-Pakleŭski Manor, Three Sisters Monument, Paskevich Burial Vault FlagCoat of armsCountryBelarusAdministrative centerGomelLargest citiesGomel – 481,200 Mazyr – 111,800 Zhlobin – 72,800Districts21 Cities – 17 Urban localities – 278 Village...

 

 

Katedral SarlatKatedral Saint SacerdosPrancis: Cathédrale Saint-Sacerdos de SarlatKatedral SarlatLokasiBayonneNegaraPrancisDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusKatedralStatus fungsionalAktifAdministrasiKeuskupanKeuskupan Périgueux Katedral Sarlat (Cathédrale Saint-Sacerdos de Sarlat) adalah sebuah gereja katedral Katolik yang terletak di Sarlat-la -Canéda, Prancis. Itu adalah monumen nasional. Keuskupan Sarlat didirikan pada tahun 1317 dengan sejumlah keuskupan di wilayah ters...

Martin PBM Mariner Un PBM Mariner de l'United States Navy en vol en 1956. Constructeur Glenn L. Martin Company Rôle Hydravion de patrouille maritime/bombardier Statut Retiré du service Premier vol 18 février 1939 Mise en service Septembre 1940 Nombre construits 1 285 Équipage 7 membres Motorisation Moteur Wright R-2600-12 Cyclone 14 Nombre 2 Type 14 cylindres en double étoile Puissance unitaire 1 700 Dimensions Envergure 36 m Longueur 23,5 m Hauteur 5,33 m Surface alaire ...

 

 

Основна́я теоре́ма о вы́четах — мощный инструмент для вычисления интеграла мероморфной функции по замкнутому контуру. Её часто используют также для вычисления вещественных интегралов. Она является обобщением интегральной теоремы Коши и интегральной формулы Коши. Illust...

 

 

Gengsi Gede-gedeanGenre Drama Roman Remaja Komedi PembuatMultivision PlusSutradaraAgus EliasPemeran Teuku Zacky Masayu Anastasia Zacky Zimah Marissa Christina Saipul Jamil Robby Tumewu Ferina Widodo Debby Sahertian Adi Firansyah Cut Memey Vienna Fridiana Ika Eviolina Dicky Suprapto Indra Widyawati Penggubah lagu temaIrman S. AzwarPenata musikUcok RadjagukgukNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. episode(daftar episode)ProduksiProduser eksekutifGobind PunjabiProduserRaam P...

Museo del papiro Corrado BasileCortile del museo. UbicazioneStato Italia LocalitàSiracusa IndirizzoVia Nizza 14, 96100 Siracusa Coordinate37°03′37.79″N 15°17′53.35″E / 37.060498°N 15.298152°E37.060498; 15.298152Coordinate: 37°03′37.79″N 15°17′53.35″E / 37.060498°N 15.298152°E37.060498; 15.298152 CaratteristicheTipoCultura del papiro Istituzione1987 FondatoriCorrado Basile e Anna Di Natale Apertura30 settembre 1987 Visitatori8 ...

 

 

Miss IndonesiaLogo Miss IndonesiaTanggal pendirian2005TipeKontes kecantikanKantor pusat JakartaLokasi IndonesiaJumlah anggota Miss World(2006-sekarang)Miss ASEAN (2005)Bahasa resmi IndonesiaChairwoman and FounderLiliana TanoesoedibjoTokoh pentingMartha TilaarWulan TilaarLina PriscillaSitus webwww.missindonesia.co.id Miss Papua Barat adalah sebuah gelar yang didapat bagi perwakilan provinsi Papua Barat di ajang Miss Indonesia. Pemegang titel saat ini adalah Vezhia Juliet Eddy yang mewakil...

 

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Jordan et Camille Jordan. Camille JordanFonctionsMembre de la Chambre des députés des départementsDeuxième législature de la Seconde RestaurationIsère4 octobre 1816 - 19 mai 1821Membre du Conseil des Cinq-CentsRhône12 avril - 4 septembre 1797BiographieNaissance 11 janvier 1771LyonDécès 19 mai 1821 (à 50 ans)Ancien 10e arrondissement de ParisSépulture Cimetière du Père-LachaiseNationalité françaiseActivité Homme politiqueEnfant Joseph-Fra...

Sabri GodoBorn(1929-08-08)8 August 1929Delvinë, AlbaniaDied3 December 2011(2011-12-03) (aged 82)Tirana, AlbaniaResting placeTufine, Tirana, AlbaniaNationalityAlbanianOccupation(s)Writer, Screenwriter, PoliticianKnown forFounder and Chairman of the Republican Party of AlbaniaHonorary President and Chairman of the National Assembly of PRChair of the Foreign Affairs Committeeco-chairman in drafting the New Constitution of the Republic of Albania in 1998OfficeLeader of the Republican P...

 

 

 烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/(英文) 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表(英语:Representatives of the President of Ukraine) 总...

 

 

Concept in Aztec/Mexica cosmology This article is about the Aztec concept. For Mexican artist and model, see Carmen Mondragón. Nahui Ollin symbol with an eye (ixtli) in the center. A solar ray and a precious stone (chalchihuitl) emanata from the eye, Codex Borbonicus (1519–1521)[1] Nahui Ollin is a concept in Aztec/Mexica cosmology with a variety of meanings. Nahui translates to four and Ollin translates to movement or motion. Ollin was primarily portrayed in Aztec codices as two i...

Media distribution system allowing consumers to control playback schedule VOD redirects here. For other uses, see VOD (disambiguation). Video on demand (VOD) is a media distribution system that allows users to access videos, television shows and films without a traditional video playback device and a typical static broadcasting schedule. In the 20th century, broadcasting in the form of over-the-air programming was the most common form of media distribution. As Internet and IPTV technologies c...

 

 

63rd season in franchise history 2022 Tennessee Titans seasonOwnerKSA IndustriesGeneral managerJon Robinson (fired Dec. 6)Ryan Cowden (interim)Head coachMike VrabelHome fieldNissan StadiumResultsRecord7–10Division place2nd AFC SouthPlayoff finishDid not qualifyPro BowlersRB Derrick HenryDT Jeffery SimmonsLS Morgan CoxC Ben JonesAP All-ProsDT Jeffery Simmons (2nd team)P Ryan Stonehouse (2nd team)Uniform ← 2021 Titans seasons 2023 → The 2022 season was the Tennessee...

 

 

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022)World's largest pulsed power facility 35°02′08″N 106°32′33″W / 35.035451°N 106.542522°W / 35.035451; -106.542522 Overhead view from a fisheye lens of the Z machine at Sandia National Laboratory. Due to the extremely high voltage, the power feeding equipment is submerged in concentric chambers of 2 megalitres (2,000 m³) of t...

Final Liga Konferensi Eropa UEFA 2024Sampul program pertandinganTurnamenLiga Konferensi Eropa UEFA 2023–2024 Olympiakos Fiorentina 1 0 Setelah perpanjangan waktuTanggal29 Mei 2024 (2024-05-29)StadionStadion Agia Sophia, AthenaPemain Terbaik Ayoub El Kaabi (Olympiakos)[1]WasitArtur Soares Dias (Portugal)[2]Penonton26.842CuacaBerawan sebagian21 °C (70 °F)Kelembapan 51%[3]← 2023 2025 → Final Liga Konferensi Eropa UEFA 2024 adalah pertandinga...

 

 

German footballer (born 1978) Stefanie Gottschlich Gottschlich in 2003Personal informationFull name Stefanie Gottschlich[1]Date of birth (1978-08-05) 5 August 1978 (age 46)Place of birth Wolfsburg, West GermanyHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)[2]Position(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1999–2003 WSV Wendschott 2003–2006 VfL Wolfsburg International career1997–2004 Germany 45 (3) Medal record Representing  Germany Olympic Games 2000 Sydney...

 

 

American stock car racing driver (1978–2021) NASCAR driver Eric McClureMcClure at Bristol Motor Speedway in 2015BornEric Wayne McClure(1978-12-11)December 11, 1978Chilhowie, Virginia, U.S.DiedMay 2, 2021(2021-05-02) (aged 42)Abingdon, Virginia, U.S.[1]NASCAR Cup Series career3 races run over 3 years2014 position74thBest finish67th (2006)First race2004 Aaron's 499 (Talladega)Last race2006 UAW-Ford 500 (Talladega) Wins Top tens Poles 0 0 0 NASCAR Xfinity Series career288 races ru...

Canadian hockey commentator (born 1956) For the fictional television host, see Bob and Doug McKenzie. Bob McKenzieBorn (1956-08-16) August 16, 1956 (age 68)Toronto, Ontario, CanadaOccupationSportscasterEmployerTSNKnown forThe NHL on TSNSpouseCindyChildren3; including Mike McKenzie Robert Malcomson McKenzie (born August 16, 1956[1]) is a Canadian hockey commentator who has covered hockey since joining TSN in 1986. As a TSN Hockey Insider and TSN's Draft Expert, McKenzie provi...

 

 

The Buxtehude House seen from the street The Buxtehude House is a historic property on Sankt Anna Gade in the historic centre of Elsinore, Denmark. It is named after the composer Dieterich Buxtehude who lived in the building. History Memorial plaque Buxtehude lived in the house as a child when it served as residence for the organist at St. Olai's Church, a post held by his father.[1] After staying for a few years in Helsingborg, on the other side of the Øresund, Dieterich Buxtehude ...