Helen Clevenger

Helen J. Clevenger
Born(1917-11-04)November 4, 1917
Washington, D.C.
Died(1936-07-16)July 16, 1936
Asheville, North Carolina
Cause of deathGun shot
NationalityAmerican

Helen Clevenger (November 4, 1917 – July 16, 1936) was member of the Bahá'í Faith and an American college student murdered in Asheville, North Carolina, on July 16, 1936.

Early life and education

Helen Irene Clevenger was born November 4, 1917, in Washington, DC, to Joseph F. Clevenger and Mary, née Desbach/Dresbach.[1] Both parents were born in Ohio and married in 1902 in Columbus, while they were employed as teachers.[2] Using materials from Ohio Joseph created a study of Phyllachora fungi he published in 1905 as well as a brief article on using hydrochloric acid to prepare slides.[3] Infants of the Clevengers had died in 1910 and 1915 while they were living in Chicago and then back in Ohio.[4] In between Joseph was a teacher in a college while they lived in Chicago.[5] By 1918 Joseph was visible working from DC with the Pharmacognosy Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry, in the Department of Agriculture, often publishing with Clare Olin Ewing until she left the department in 1919.[6] Joseph registered for WWI draft September 12, 1918, in DC.[7] The Clevengers were living on 5th St NW and he was employed in the Bureau of Chemistry in the Department of Agriculture. In 1920 the Clevenger family was still there along with three other roomers in 1920.[8] Joseph continued working with the Pharmacognosy Laboratory in DC through 1925.[9] In 1927 Joseph finished a map of the travels of the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh, founders of the Bahá'í Faith, published in volume 2 of The Bahá'í World as approved of by Shoghi Effendi,[10] then head of the religion.

In 1930 the Clevengers owned a home worth $5500 in 1930 dollars, (over $88000 in 2021 dollars[11]) on Howton Ave in the unincorporated town of Great Kills, Staten Island, and he was employed as a scientist with the federal government.[12] By January 1932 Joseph was visible as a pharmacognosist at the New York Station of the Federal Food and Drug Administration in which he continued service into at least 1935.[13]

Clevenger had been raised a member of the Bahá'í Faith, the religion of the family,[14] and graduated from Tottenville High School in 1934.[15] She was a member of the school honors association Arista, editor in chief of the high school Digest and Valedictorian.[16] She was one of 76 students receiving a certificate for participating in high school math competition for New York,[17] and July 1 was announced as one of 39 students awarded scholarships at New York University for the 1936-7 school year.[18] She continued her education at New York University, planning to follow her father as a chemist.[15] The family lived on Howton Ave, on Staten Island.[1]

Death and aftermath

Helen's father said "… for fear I was binding my daughter too much to my life and my ideas, I arranged for her to visit her relatives in North Carolina and travel some with her uncle Billy."[19] She was then in Asheville, North Carolina, traveling with her uncle, William Leander Clevenger,[20] 1881-1951, a professor at North Carolina State College.[21] While in Asheville, Clevenger was murdered. Clevenger's "upturned face was a bloody pulp".[22] Clevenger's death certificate noted she died of a gunshot wound by a .32 caliber bullet through an autopsy while at the Battery Park Hotel with the name Helen I. Clevenger of Great Kills, Staten Island, NY, and died July 16, 1936, around 1am.[1] She was found wearing a Bahá'í ring with the ringstone symbol.[14] Inquiries with the Bahá'ís based on the coverage were noted in New York.[23]

By July 23 press coverage was already significant with reporters phoning or telegraphing stories in across the nation.[24] London papers called about the story and it was reported European papers had the news in their newspapers too.[25] The local police interviewed many witnesses and possible suspects in the killing before finally arresting a relatively-new,[26] 22-year-old negro hotel night janitor,[26] Martin Moore.[27] Moore claimed that he was beaten by detectives into giving a written confession when he was really innocent.[28][29] Moore was executed in the gas chamber in Raleigh, North Carolina, on December 11, 1936.[30][31][32][33]

The sheriff informed newspaper reporters on Sunday August 9 and some had paid for access to the story.[34] The photographer for the newspaper coverage of the confession and re-enactment was the only job he ever did as a photographer.[35] A multi-page review of the case was published in 1942.[22] Her mother died in 1943 after years of medical complications[36] and her father in 1945,[37] retired from the government job about a year.[38]

Dr. Gael Graham, Western Carolina University faculty and peer-review editor of The Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians, observed that "…the irony of the case ["the search for her killer, and the rapid identification, trial, and execution of the African American accused"] lay in Clevenger membership in the Bahai’i(sic) Faith.… American Bahais (sic) were strikingly at odds with most other mainstream religions in their resolute affirmation of human equality. The [initiatives of the community versus the context of society] of the former Confederate south is astonishing. [The death of] Moore contravened the principles by which Helen Clevenger had lived her life."[39]

Dramatizations

Dramatizations were written up in true crime magazines starting in October 1936 including True Detective[40] A version was written and approved of by the sheriff in a radio drama aired in April and July 1937.[41] A 2014 play was written on the incident.[42]

Modern interest

Literature present ghost stories mentions Clevenger haunts where she was killed, the Battery Park Hotel, now Battery Park Apartments since 1996[43] and up to 2015.[44]

The Asheville "Tourism Center and Free Museum" run by Joshua P. Warren in 2010 had an exhibit on Clevenger as an unsolved murder.[45] Anne Chesky Smith of the University of Georgia has presented in academic circles on the murder, trial, and Moore's execution, in 2016.[46]

The Citizen-Times newspaper of Asheville has referred to the case a few times: 2015[47] and 2019.[48] So did the New York Daily Times in 2017.[49] There is also speculation it was a case of mistaken identity in 2017,[50] and referred to in another short-fiction contest story.[51] The Southern Mysteries podcast carried the case in 2019,[52] as did history focused review with a point of view on the case,[53] with a third in 2020.[54] In 2021 Anne Chesky Smith published a scholarly history of the case: what is objectively known of the murder, the trial, a likely suspect, and what happened to Martin Moore and his body afterwards.[55] In 2023, a scholarly article published in a peer-reviewed journal summarized Clevenger's life growing up, her and her family's participation in the Bahá'í communities of Washington DC and New York city, and the religious norms they lived by.[56]

Further reading

Smith, Anne Chesky (2021). Murder at Asheville's Battery Park Hotel: the search for Helen Clevenger's killer. History Press US. ISBN 9781467145602. OCLC 1252763042.

Kolins, Steven (September 2023). Graham, Gael (ed.). "The Life, Faith, and Death of Helen Clevenger (1917-1936)". The Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians. 31. North Carolina Association of Historians: 43–68. ISSN 1078-4330. OCLC 52634307.

Sella, Andrea (May 30, 2024). "Clevenger's separator". Chemistry World. The Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). ISSN 1749-5318. OCLC 54356261.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Helen I. Clevenger Death • North Carolina Deaths, 1931-1994". FamilySearch.org. July 19, 1936. Retrieved June 12, 2021.(registration required)
  2. ^ "Joseph Franklin Clevenger Marriage • Ohio, County Marriages, 1789-2016". FamilySearch.org. July 1, 1902. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  3. ^
  4. ^
  5. ^ "Joseph F Clevenger • United States Census". FamilySearch.org. April 26, 1910. Retrieved June 12, 2021.(registration required)
  6. ^
    • Ewing, Clare Olin; Clevenger, Joseph F. (July 1918). "So-Called Syrian Alkanet, Macrotomia Cephalotes". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 7 (7): 591–594. doi:10.1002/jps.3080070707. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
    • Ewing, Clare Olin; Clevenger, Joseph F. (October 1918). "Piptostegia Root, Piptostegia Pisonis Mart., so-called "Brazilian Jalap"". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 7 (10): 855–858. doi:10.1002/jps.3080071007.
    • Ewing, Clare Olin; Stanford, Ernest E.; Clevenger, Joseph F. (May 1919). "Conium Maculatum L., and Aethusa Cynapium L., an Adulterant". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 8 (5): 385–390. doi:10.1002/jps.3080080505.
    • Clevenger, Joseph F.; Ewing, Clare Olin (July 1919). "Santolina chamaecyparissus L., an adulterant of matricaria chamomilla L.". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 8 (7): 536–538. doi:10.1002/jps.3080080705.
    • Clevenger, Joseph F.; Ewing, Clare Olin (December 1919). "Partial Analyses of 330 American Crude Drugs". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 8 (12): 1010–1029. doi:10.1002/jps.3080081206.
  7. ^ "Joseph Franklin Clevenger Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918". FamilySearch.org. September 12, 1918. Retrieved June 12, 2021.(registration required)
  8. ^ "Helen Irene Clevenger • United States Census". FamilySearch.org. January 7, 1920. Retrieved June 12, 2021.(registration required)
  9. ^
    • Viehoever, Arno; Clevenger, Joseph F. (June 1920). "Relative content of volatile oil and ash in sage leaves and stems". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 9 (6): 563–567. doi:10.1002/jps.3080090605.
    • Clevenger, Joseph F. (November 1921). "A Report on the Zamia Starch Situation". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 10 (11): 837–840. doi:10.1002/jps.3080101106.
    • Viehoever, Arno; Clevenger, Joseph F. (March 1922). "Domestic and Imported Veratrum (Hellebore), Veratrum Virid AIT., Veratrum Californicum Durand, and Veratrum Album L. II. Chemical Studies". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 11 (3): 166–174. doi:10.1002/jps.3080110303.
    • Capen, Ruth G; Clevenger, Joseph F. (August 15, 1925). "Preliminary Report on Methods for Moisture in Crude Drugs". Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 8 (5): 555. doi:10.1093/jaoac/8.5.555.
    • Clevenger, Joseph F. (August 15, 1925). "Preliminary Report on Melting Points". Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 8 (5): 566. doi:10.1093/jaoac/8.5.566.
  10. ^
  11. ^ "US Inflation Calculator". usinflationcalculator.com. 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  12. ^ "Helen Clevenger • United States Census". FamilySearch.org. April 8, 1930. Retrieved June 12, 2021.(registration required)
  13. ^
    • Clevenger, Joseph F. (January 1932). "Preliminary investigation of certain physical and chemical properties of the volatile oils from authentic plant products". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 21 (1): 30–34. doi:10.1002/jps.3080210108.
    • Clevenger, Joseph F. (July 1932). "Chemical and Physical Determinations on the Gum and Volatile Oil of Asafœtida". The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 21 (7): 668–670. doi:10.1002/jps.3080210704.
    • Clevenger, Joseph F. (November 15, 1935). "Volatile Oils in Mace and Nutmegs". Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 1 (4): 611–616. doi:10.1093/jaoac/18.4.611.
  14. ^ a b "Chemist drafts Clevenger clue report to cops". The Record. Hackensack, New Jersey. July 31, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  15. ^ a b "Suspect Is Hunted in Co-ed's Murder" (PDF). The New York Times. July 18, 1936. pp. 1, 6.
  16. ^ "Grief fills home". The Bradenton Herald. Bradenton, Florida. July 17, 1936. pp. 1, 10. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  17. ^ "DeWitt Clinton wins 'math' price: 76 High School Students Get Certificates in the Pi Mu Epsilon Tourney". New York Times. New York, N.Y. May 13, 1934. p. N2. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  18. ^ "N.Y.U. students get $5,200 scholarships: Awards to 39 Undergraduates at Washington Square College Announced by Dean Loomis". New York Times. New York, N.Y. July 1, 1936. p. 23. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  19. ^ "Father had dream his daughter faced peril". The Citizen-Times. Asheville, North Carolina. July 23, 1936. pp. 1, 8.
  20. ^ "Clevenger, W. L. (William Leander), 1881-1951". NC State University Libraries' Rare and Unique Digital Collections. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  21. ^ Acuff, Lloyd (July 25, 1936). "CO-ED'S UNCLE HELD FOR QUESTIONING; WOLLNER IS FREED; Prof. Clevenger Is Detained on Return to Asheville From Her Funeral in Ohio". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2022.Closed access icon
  22. ^ a b Peter Levins (May 3, 1942). "When Justice Triumphed". Daily News. New York, New York. pp. 382, 383, 384. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  23. ^ "The publication in…" (PDF). Baha'i News. No. 103. October 1936. p. 1. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  24. ^ "Much sent on murder by press". Asheville Citizen-Times. Asheville, North Carolina. July 23, 1936. p. 8. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  25. ^ "London paper 'phones Brown about arrest". The Citizen-Times. Asheville, North Carolina. August 11, 1936. p. 6. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  26. ^ a b Joynes, Dorothy. "Booker T. Sherrill". Voices of Asheville Oral History Collection. D. H. Ramsey Library Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Asheville. Archived from the original on July 17, 2002. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  27. ^ "Clevenger slayer gets quick hearing; Negro Is Arraigned Secretly in Asheville on Two Charges Carrying Death Penalty". The New York Times. August 11, 1936. p. 15.Closed access icon
  28. ^ "Sep 24 1936, Page 3". Mount Airy News. Newspaper Archive. September 24, 1936. Retrieved August 9, 2022.Closed access icon
  29. ^ "Co-Ed's Slayer Gets Review". The New York Times. September 24, 1936. p. 9. Full text is unavailable for this digitized archive article. Subscribers may view the full text of this article in its original form through TimesMachine.Closed access icon
  30. ^ "Slayer of Co-ED dies in lethal gas room; Moore Is Executed at Raleigh for Killing Helen Clevenger of Staten Island". The New York Times. December 12, 1936. p. 9. Retrieved May 4, 2010.Closed access icon
  31. ^ "Today in Asheville history: Moore executed for Clevenger murder". Asheville Citizen Times. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  32. ^ Smith, Anne Chesky. "WNC History: Story behind the accused murderer in 1936 Battery Park Hotel homicide". The Asheville Citizen Times. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  33. ^ Calder, Thomas (August 19, 2021). "New book explores 1936 slaying at the Battery Park Hotel". Mountain Xpress. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  34. ^ James M. Rogers (October 3, 1937). "Bringing in your news". Asheville Citizen-Times. Asheville, North Carolina. pp. 13, 14. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  35. ^ J. P. Brady (April 20, 1958). "Sold only roll he has ever exposed - Martin shot Clevenger case pictures". Asheville Citizen-Times. Asheville, North Carolina. p. 29. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  36. ^
  37. ^ "In Memoriam". Baha'i News. No. 177. November 1945. p. 6. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  38. ^ "Joseph Clevenger dies unexpectedly at Washington, DC". The Piqua Daily Call. Piqua, Ohio. July 12, 1945. p. 8. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  39. ^ Graham, Gael (September 2023). Graham, Gael (ed.). "Editor's Note". The Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians. 31. North Carolina Association of Historians: xi–xii. ISSN 1078-4330. OCLC 52634307. In the third article, we return to early 20th-century North Carolina. The article "The Life, Faith and Death of Helen Clevenger, 1917-1936" by Steven Kolins, focuses on the murder of a young woman four months shy of her nineteenth birthday on her first (and last) visit to North Carolina. Newspapers across the country and even in England sensationalized Helen Clevenger's death in Asheville in 1936, the search for her killer, and the rapid identification, trial, and execution of the African American accused, Martin Moore—only 22 years old himself. While Kolins notes that this can be framed as yet another example of the Jim Crow "justice" that characterized the South in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the irony of the case lay in Clevenger membership in the Bahai'i(sic) Faith.
    In 1936, few Americans knew much about the Bahai'i(sic) Faith and the few newspapers that commented on this aspect of Clevenger's life often reported inaccurately. Kolins provides a history of the religion in the US, touching briefly on its origins in Persia. American Bahais (sic) were strikingly at odds with most other mainstream religions in their resolute affirmation of human equality. The faith established roots early among African Americans in Washington, D.C. and spread to both blacks and whites in other cities as well. In 1921, the religion's head, 'Abdu'l-Baha, asked the various congregations - all of them integrated - to begin holding "Race Amity" meetings, where members could openly discuss race and racism. That this occurred in the context of President Woodrow Wilson resegregating the capital city and the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan outside of the former Confederate south is astonishing. Kolins documents the Clevenger family's active membership in the group, and young Helen's likely attendance at its youth events. By so doing, he highlights the fact that state-sanctioned revenge against Moore contravened the principles by which Helen Clevenger had lived her life.
  40. ^ * "Rapist Murder of Co-Ed Clevenger". Official Detective Stories. October 15, 1936. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
    • "(cover)". True Detective Mysteries. November 1936. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  41. ^
  42. ^ Huffman, Felicia A. (2014). Battery Park. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781494914196.
  43. ^ Traylor, Ken; House, Delas M. (2006). "The Spirits of the Battery Park Hotel". Asheville Ghosts and Legends. The History Press. pp. 80–83. ISBN 1-59629-156-7.
  44. ^
  45. ^ Sandford, Jason (December 31, 2010). "Macabre museum". The Citizen-Times. Asheville, N.C. pp. T5.
  46. ^
  47. ^ "Today in Asheville history: Moore executed for Clevenger murder". The Citizen-Times. Asheville, NC. December 11, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  48. ^ Mackensy Lunsford (October 24, 2019). "Spooky tales of real Asheville murder, hauntings and bloody battles". The Citizen-Times. Asheville, NC. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  49. ^ David Krajicek (July 30, 2017). "NYU student's killer rushed to execution in just 5 months in 1936". Daily News. New York. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  50. ^ Amy C. Manikowski (September 2, 2017). "Murder at the Battery Park". Asheville Historic Inns, Western North Carolina Historical Association. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  51. ^ Alli Marshall (August 30, 2017). "Read this year's Indie 500 flash fiction contest winners". Mountain Xpress. Asheville, NC. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  52. ^ Shannon Ballard (August 19, 2019). "Murder At The Battery Park Hotel". Southern Mysteries. Episode 51.
  53. ^ Dave Tabler (August 1, 2019). "A good room cost $1.50 a night and a corner room $3". Appalachianhistory.net. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  54. ^ F.A. Huffman (July 25, 2020). "The Murder of Helen Clevenger". Macabreatmidnight.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  55. ^ Smith, Anne Chesky (2021). Murder at Asheville's Battery Park Hotel: the search for Helen Clevenger's killer. History Press US. ISBN 9781467145602. OCLC 1252763042.
  56. ^ Kolins, Steven (September 2023). Graham, Gael (ed.). "The Life, Faith, and Death of Helen Clevenger (1917-1936)". The Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians. 31. North Carolina Association of Historians: 43–68. ISSN 1078-4330. OCLC 52634307.

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一中同表

一中同表，是台灣处理海峡两岸关系问题的一种主張，認為中华人民共和国與中華民國皆是“整個中國”的一部份，二者因為兩岸現狀，在各自领域有完整的管辖权，互不隶属，同时主張，二者合作便可以搁置对“整个中國”的主权的争议，共同承認雙方皆是中國的一部份，在此基礎上走向終極統一。最早是在2004年由台灣大學政治学教授張亞中所提出，希望兩岸由一中各表�...

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Future Life

This article may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists. Please help clean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article. (May 2013) Future Lifecover of the magazine #3 (July 1978)CategoriesScience fiction magazine, Science magazineFrequencyonce every 1-2 monthsFirst issue1978Final issue1981CompanyO'Quinn StudiosCountryUnited StatesBased inNew York City Future Life, known as Future in its first year, was a science and science fic...