Heinz Vinke

Heinz Vinke
Born22 May 1920
Barby, Free State of Prussia, Weimar Republic
Died26 February 1944(1944-02-26) (aged 23)
English Channel, off Dunkirk, German-occupied France
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
Years of service1938–44
RankOberfeldwebel
UnitNJG 1, NJG 2
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Heinz Vinke (22 May 1920 – 26 February 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 54 aerial victories claimed in approximately 150 combat missions making him the eighteenth most successful night fighter pilot in the history of aerial warfare.[1][2] All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command.

Born in Barby, Vinke grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Following graduation from school and the compulsory Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service), he joined the military service in 1938. Vinke then served with Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing), flying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. Following an injury sustained in July 1941, he was posted to Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing) where he claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 27/28 February 1942. Following his 25th aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 September 1943. Vinke and his crew were shot down and killed in action on 26 February 1944, while on a search and rescue mission over the English Channel. He was posthumously bestowed with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

Early life and career

Vinke was born on 22 May 1920 in Barby, in the Province of Saxony, a Free State of Prussia. He was the son of merchant Heinrich Vinke and his wife Martha, née Rehse. Until 1935, he attended school in Barby. While at school, he joined the Flying Hitler Youth (Flieger-HJ) and became a glider pilot, receiving his A, B and C license to fly glider aircraft. Following six months of compulsory National Labour Service, he joined the Luftwaffe on 1 April 1938.[3]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. At the time, Vinke was based at Stargard on the Fliegerhorst Klützow, present-day Kluczewo Airfield, where he received his flight training which he completed in 1940.[Note 1] At Stargard, he met his future wife Erika Schröder and they were married on 20 April 1942 in Berlin-Kreuzberg.[4]

At first, he was trained as a Zerstörer (destroyer) pilot.[5] Holding the rank of Unteroffizier, he was posted to the 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) in early 1941.[Note 2] On 25 July 1941, Vinke and his radio operator Gerhard Schlein flew Messerschmitt Bf 110 C (Werknummer 2075—factory number) over the North Sea in the vicinity of Texel when they suffered engine problems. Vinke instructed his radio operator to bail out, the parachute failed to open and Schlein fell to his death. Vinke made a forced landing in a corn field near De Cocksdorp, Texel, injuring his back. Vinke was first treated at a hospital in Den Burg and later at Heiloo.[6] Following seven months of convalescence, he was assigned to 5. Staffel (5th squadron) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 (NJG 2—2nd Night Fighter Wing), this unit was later redesignated to 11./NJG 1.[7]

Night fighter career

A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.[8] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.[9]

While serving with NJG 2 over Northern Europe, Vinke claimed his first air victory on 27 February 1942, an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-east of Leeuwarden.[10] The aircraft was the RAF Whitley Z9280 from No. 77 Squadron which crashed at 22:58 at Driesum. Four members of the crew, including Squadron Leader Leslie Hugh William Parkin (DFC), were killed in action and one man was taken prisoner of war.[11][12][13][14] For this victory, he received the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) that day.[15]

His next claim was filed on the night of 3/4 June 1942 when he shot down a Short Stirling at 02:16 over the Zuiderzee.[16] The same month, on 25/26 June at 00:42 again over the Zuiderzee, he claimed a Handley Page Halifax shot down. Flying Officer John Whittingham and another crew member died, and three others were taken prisoner.[17][18] His fourth victory was over a Vickers Wellington shot down into the IJsselmeer on 28 June 1942 at 00:54 east of Enkhuizen. Flying Officer Derek Osborne and his crew of four were lost.[19][20][21] Credited with four victories, Vinke was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 1 July 1942.[22] He became an ace when he shot down his fifth opponent, a Vickers Wellington bomber, on the night of 27/28 August 1942 at 02:32.[23] On 9 October, while under the influence of alcohol, Vinke was involved in a small arms accident which resulted in the injury of another soldier. He, and two other involved soldiers, were taken to the Luftwaffe headquarters in Amsterdam. A court-martial sentenced him to five days of confinement.[6] On 9 January 1943, Vinke was again put under arrest and grounded following an unauthorized nosedive over the Leeuwarden Air Base resulting in significant damage to a parked Bf 110 F-4.[24] On 29 March 1943, Vinke was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) and the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Night Fighters (Frontflugspange für Nachtjäger).[22][25]

Vinke flew regularly during the Battle of the Ruhr. One of two claims on the 9 April 1943 was Lancaster ED554 "EM-Q", from No. 207 Squadron RAF. The action caused the death of Sergeant Harold Healy RCAF and his crew. The seven men are buried in Amsterdam's New Eastern Cemetery.[26][27] On the night of the 13/14 May 1943 he claimed a 23rd victory over the Netherlands. It may have been Wellington MS473; or misidentified and actually Lancaster ED589 "WS-P" from No. 9 Squadron RAF. Sergeant George Saxton and his crew were killed.[28] His 27th victory was claimed at 02:26 on the night of 22/23 June 1943, Stirling EH889, which crashed into the Ijsselmeer approximately 8 kilometres (5 miles) east of Oosterland, killing Flight Lieutenant T.F. McCrorie and crew.[29][30] Three nights later, on 25/26 June at 02:47, he claimed his 28th victory over an Avro Lancaster bomber approximately 50 kilometres (31 miles) west of Den Helder, killing Squadron Leader Alfred Young and another six on board.[31][32]

This gun sequence, taken from F/O. George Hardy's aircraft, shows Vinke's Messerschmitt's starboard engine exploding, shortly before it dived to its destruction in the English Channel.

On 17/18 August 1943, RAF Bomber Command targeted Peenemünde and the V-weapons test centre. Five Bristol Beaufighter night fighters of No. 141 Squadron, under the command of Wing Commander Bob Braham, intercepted five Messerschmitt Bf 110s from IV. Gruppe (4th group) of NJG 1, and Feldwebel (Sergeant) Georg Kraft (14 victories) and Feldwebel Vinke (at the time with 20 claims) were both shot down by Braham near Schiermonnikoog. Vinke was the only one of his crew to survive.[33] Vinke observed the demise of Kraft and attempted to attack the Beaufighter in the same way, from below and to starboard. The British airmen managed to obtain a visual contact on Vinke in time, and out-turned him. The control column was shot out from his hand and the British caused fatal damage to the Bf 110 from short range, just missing a collision.[34] Following the death of his former crew Feldwebel Karl Schödel and Unteroffizier Johann Gaa, Vinke teamed up with Unteroffizier Rudolf Dunger.[35]

Vinke was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 19 September 1943, the nomination had been submitted for 25 aerial victories claimed earlier.[36] The presentation was made by Generalmajor Joachim-Friedrich Huth.[5] Just four days later, Vinke shot down Lancaster DV201 for his 29th victory.[37]

Vinke continued to claim through October. On 7 October 1943, Vinke accounted for a Short Stirling 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Vlieland, one source suggests Stirling EH990 "LS-K" from No. 15 Squadron RAF. The bomber was on a mine-laying operation; the pilot Flight Sergeant Thomas Robertson Ewen of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve and his crew died on their only war mission. Vinke made the Stirling claim in the same area and time.[38] On 8/9 October, one source identifies his 33rd aerial victory as possibly Lancaster JB181 from No. 7 Squadron RAF. Flying Officer Bruce Macpherson and his crew were all killed; the eldest was 22, the youngest, air gunner Sergeant Eric Brinton, 17 years old.[38][39] On 20 October, Vinke downed a Lancaster JB154 of the Pathfinders No. 83 Squadron returning from a Leipzig mission at 21:35 near Anreep, Netherlands. Squadron Leader R.J. Manton (pilot) and all his crew were killed.[40]

On 19/20 February 1944, Vinke claimed three aerial victories, two Lancasters and one Halifax bomber. His first claim of the night, a Lancaster, occurred at 01:46 in sector "BM-77", the second Lancaster was claimed at 01:57 in sector "BM-78", while the Halifax was claimed to be shot down at 02:13 in sector "CX-62".[41][Note 3] Vinke also claimed two other victories that day, earning him the title of "ace-in-a-day". He shot down Lancaster JA921 at 05:08 over the southeast Netherlands, killing Warrant Officer Ramsey Stanners of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve and 5 others on board, whilst also destroying Lancaster JB609 at 05:34 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Apeldoorn, killing its crew.[43][44][45][46]

Oberfeldwebel (Master Sergeant) Vinke was shot down and killed while flying Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4 (Werknummer 740136) of 11./NJG 1 on 26 February 1944, while on a search and rescue mission over the English Channel. The victors were two Hawker Typhoons of No. 198 Squadron RAF, flown by F/L. (later Colonel) Raymond "Cheval" Lallamont DFC and F/O. George Hardy. His crew of Unteroffizier Rudolf Dunger and Unteroffizier Rudolf Walter were also killed. Their bodies were never recovered. [11] On 25 April 1944, he was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), the 465th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored.[25] Vinke was credited with 54 aerial victories, all of them at night, claimed in approximately 150 combat missions operations.[7]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 53 nocturnal victory claims[47] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Vinke with 51 claims.[48]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Vinke an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates aerial victories listed in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945 but not in Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims.
Claim Date Time Type Location Serial No./Squadron No.
– 5. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 –[49]
1 27 February 1942 22:58 Whitley 22 km (14 mi) northeast of Leeuwarden[10] Z9280[50]
2 4 June 1942 02:16 Stirling Zuiderzee[16] W7537[50]
3 26 June 1942 00:42 Halifax Zuiderzee[17] W1067[50]
4! 28 June 1942 00:42 Wellington east of Enkhuizen[19] X3309[50]
5 28 August 1942 02:32 Wellington[23] east of Enkhuizen[49] Z8403[50]
6 5 September 1942 02:51 Halifax 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Enkhuizen[51]
7 14 September 1942 23:48 Wellington north of Texel[52] Z8505[50]
8 16 September 1942 22:45 Stirling 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Bergen aan Zee[52] R9318[50]
– 11. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[48]
9 17 January 1943 20:25 Lancaster 35 km (22 mi) north of Terschelling[53] W4321[50]
10! 28 January 1943 00:28 Wellington[54]
11 26 February 1943 22:28 Stirling 50 km (31 mi) west of Katwijk aan Zee[55] R9279[50]
12 5 March 1943 22:35 Wellington 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Amsterdam[56] BK401[50]
13 12 March 1943 22:55 Wellington 50 km (31 mi) west of IJmuiden[57] HZ263[50]
14 30 March 1943 00:20 Wellington 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Zandvoort[58] X3965[50]
15 9 April 1943 22:42 Lancaster 16 km (9.9 mi) northwest of Amsterdam[59] ED554/No. 207 Squadron[60]
16 9 April 1943 23:49 Lancaster 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Utrecht[59] ED521[50]
17 10 April 1943 00:14 Stirling[59] ED724/No. 103 Squadron[60]
18 27 April 1943 02:08 Stirling Zuiderzee[61] BK657[50]
19 27 April 1943 02:34 Halifax north of Texel[61] DG423[50]
20 1 May 1943 02:26 Halifax Muiderberg[62] JB803[50]
21 13 May 1943 02:02 Lancaster Eesterga[63] ED418[50]
22 13 May 1943 02:17 Lancaster 18 km (11 mi) north-northeast of Utrecht[63] W4955[50]
23 14 May 1943 03:07 Wellington 35 km (22 mi) west of IJmuiden[64] MS473[50]
24 24 May 1943 02:01 Lancaster 40 km (25 mi) west of Egmond aan Zee[65] ED970[50]
25 24 May 1943 02:24 Halifax 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Leiden[65] HR836[37]
26 26 May 1943 02:33 Stirling 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of IJmuiden[65] EH876[37]
27 23 June 1943 02:26 Stirling 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Oosterland[29] EH889[37]
28 26 June 1943 02:47 Lancaster 50 km (31 mi) west of Den Helder[31] EE125[37]
29 23 September 1943 23:25 Lancaster[66] DV201[37]
30 3 October 1943 21:12 Lancaster[67] JA972[37]
31 3 October 1943 23:22 Halifax west of Terschelling[68] DK201[37]
32 7 October 1943 20:26 Stirling 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Vlieland[69] EH990[37]
33 9 October 1943 00:28 Halifax 30 km (19 mi) south of Groningen[69]
34 20 October 1943 21:35 Lancaster Anreep, southeast of Assen[70] JB154[37]
35 20 October 1943 22:32 Lancaster 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Nijmegen[71] SD555[37]
36 11 November 1943 20:24 Lancaster 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Terschelling[72] HX158[37]
37 23 November 1943 18:26 Lancaster[73] PQ DK-93[74] JA932[37]
38 3 January 1944 01:27 Lancaster[75] DV401[37]
39 14 January 1944 20:33 Halifax[76] ND421[37]
40 19/20 January 1944
—
 Lancaster[76]
41 22 January 1944 21:07 Lancaster[77]
42 22 January 1944 01:12 Lancaster[78] DS824[37]
43 29 January 1944 05:10 Lancaster[79]
44 29 January 1944 05:55 Lancaster[79]
45 29 January 1944 06:14 Lancaster[79]
46 30 January 1944 22:10 Lancaster Kolhorn[80]
47 30 January 1944 22:25 Lancaster[81] DS706[37]
48 15 February 1944 22:38 Lancaster IJsselmeer[41] DS426[37]
49♠ 20 February 1944 01:44 Lancaster PQ BM-77[41]
50♠ 20 February 1944 01:57 Lancaster PQ BM-78[41] DS794[37]
51♠ 20 February 1944 02:13 Halifax PQ CK 62[41] LL184[37]
52♠ 20 February 1944 05:08 Lancaster PQ HK 3-1[43] JA921[37]
53♠ 20 February 1944 05:34 Lancaster 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Apeldoorn[43] JB609[37]

Awards

Promotions

1938: Flieger (lowest rank of enlisted men)[88]
1939: Gefreiter (lance corporal)[88]
1939: Obergefreiter (senior lance corporal)[88]
1940: Unteroffizier (subordinate officer, corporal)[88]
1942: Feldwebel (sergeant)[88]
1943: Oberfeldwebel (master sergeant)[88]

Notes

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.
  2. ^ For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ Victory claims were also logged in a Planquadrat (grid reference), for example "BM-77". The grid map was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2).[42]
  4. ^ According to Ulrich on 4 July 1943.[15]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Scutts 1998, p. 88.
  2. ^ Heaton et al. 2011, p. 240.
  3. ^ Ulrich 2018, p. 9.
  4. ^ Ulrich 2018, pp. 9, 15.
  5. ^ a b Stockert 2007, p. 138.
  6. ^ a b Ulrich 2018, p. 15.
  7. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 66.
  8. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 9.
  9. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 27.
  10. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 35.
  11. ^ a b Bowman 2016.
  12. ^ "Archive Report: Whitley V Z9280". Aircrew Remembered. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  13. ^ "Whitley Z9280 KN-K" (PDF). driezum info. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  14. ^ Accident description for Whitley Z9280 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  15. ^ a b c d Ulrich 2018, p. 44.
  16. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 43.
  17. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 47.
  18. ^ Accident description for Halifax W1067 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  19. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 48.
  20. ^ Accident description for Wellington X3309 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Archive Report: Wellington III X3309". Aircrew Remembered. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  22. ^ a b c Ulrich 2018, p. 19.
  23. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 56.
  24. ^ Ulrich 2018, p. 16.
  25. ^ a b Stockert 2007, p. 139.
  26. ^ Chorley 1996, p. 100.
  27. ^ Accident description for Lancaster ED554 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  28. ^ Chorley 1996, p. 145.
  29. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 88.
  30. ^ Accident description for Stirling EH889 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  31. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 90.
  32. ^ "Young A." International Bomber Command Centre. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  33. ^ Thomas 2013.
  34. ^ Spick 2011, p. 172.
  35. ^ Middlebrook 2014, p. 98.
  36. ^ Ulrich 2018, p. 33.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Ulrich 2018, p. 43.
  38. ^ a b Chorley 1996, p. 352.
  39. ^ "Archive Report: Lancaster III JB181". Aircrew Remembered. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  40. ^ Accident description for Lancaster JB154 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 21 February 2022.
  41. ^ a b c d e Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 148.
  42. ^ Hinchliffe 1999, p. 208.
  43. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 150.
  44. ^ Accident description for Lancaster JA921 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  45. ^ "Archive Report: Lancaster III JA921". Aircrew Remembered. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  46. ^ Accident description for Lancaster JB609 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 22 March 2020.
  47. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 35–150.
  48. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1353–1354.
  49. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1353.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Ulrich 2018, p. 42.
  51. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 57.
  52. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 59.
  53. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 65.
  54. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 66.
  55. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 68.
  56. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 70.
  57. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 71.
  58. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 72.
  59. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 73.
  60. ^ a b Bowman 2016, p. 139.
  61. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 76.
  62. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 77.
  63. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 79.
  64. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 80.
  65. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 82.
  66. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 116.
  67. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 118.
  68. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 119.
  69. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 120.
  70. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 123.
  71. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 124.
  72. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 126.
  73. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 129.
  74. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1354.
  75. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 138.
  76. ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 141.
  77. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 142.
  78. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 143.
  79. ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 145.
  80. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 146.
  81. ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 147.
  82. ^ Ulrich 2018, p. 45.
  83. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 208.
  84. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 487.
  85. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 759.
  86. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 431.
  87. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 82.
  88. ^ a b c d e f Ulrich 2018, p. 11.

Bibliography

  • Bowman, Martin (2016). Nachtjagd, Defenders of the Reich 1940–1943. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-4984-6.
  • Chorley, W. R (1996). Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War: Aircraft and crew losses: 1943. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 978-0-9045-9791-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000). Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 —– Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Mathews, Johannes (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Combat Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.
  • Heaton, Colin D.; Lewis, Anne-Marie; Olds, Robin; Schulze, Kurt (2011). The German Aces Speak: World War II Through the Eyes of Four of the Luftwaffe's Most Important Commanders. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-1-61059-748-7.
  • Hinchliffe, Peter (1999). Schnaufer: Ace of Diamonds. Brimscombe Port, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-1690-8.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 4 S–Z. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-21-9.
  • Middlebrook, Martin (2014) [2006]. The Peenemunde Raid: The Night of 17-18 August 1943. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-336-7.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-696-5.
  • Spick, Mike (2011). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. Frontline Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-627-9.
  • Stockert, Peter (2007). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 5 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 5] (in German). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. OCLC 76072662.
  • Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
  • Thomas, Andrew (2013). Beaufighter Aces of World War 2. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0171-5.
  • Ulrich, Heinz (2018) [2017]. Der Nachtjäger Heinz Vinke [The Night Fighter Heinz Vinke] (in German) (2nd ed.). Oschersleben, Germany: Dr. Ziethen Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86289-154-2.

Read other articles:

America (lagu Simon & Garfunkel)

AmericaSingel oleh Simon & Garfunkeldari album BookendsSisi-BFor Emily, Whenever I May Find HerDirilis3 April 1968 (album)1972 (singel)FormatSingel 7DirekamOktober 1967 - Februari 1968GenreFolk rockDurasi3:34LabelColumbia RecordsPenciptaPaul SimonProduserSimon and GarfunkelRoy Halee America adalah lagu yang ditulis oleh Paul Simon untuk Simon & Garfunkel. Lagu ini dimasukkan dalam album Bookends yang dirilis tanggal 3 April 1968. Lagu ini dikenal sebagai salah satu lagu rock yang liri...

 

 

Suku Puyallup

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Suku PuyallupJumlah populasi4.000 (2.500 di reservasi)Daerah dengan populasi signifikanAmerika Serikat (Washington)BahasaInggris, LushootseedKelompok etnik terkaitSuku-suku Salishan lainnya Puyallup, Spuyaləpabš atau S’Puyalupubsh (pelafalan: Spoy-...

 

 

Kesenjangan digital

InternetSebuah visualisasi Opte Project dari jalur routing melalui sebagian dari Internet Umum Akses Penyensoran Demokrasi Kesenjangan digital Hak digital Kebebasan informasi Sejarah Internet Fenomena Internet Kenetralan Internet Perintis Privasi Sosiologi Penggunaan Tata kelola ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society Infrastruktur informasi Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Titik sambung Internet Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite ...

Chrissy Teigen

Chrissy TeigenTeigen di penayangan perdana 2012 What to Expect When You're ExpectingLahirChristine Diane Teigen30 November 1985 (umur 38)Delta, Utah, A.S.Nama lainChrissy LegendTahun aktif2006–sekarangSuami/istriJohn Legend ​(m. 2013)​Informasi modelingTinggi5 ft 8,5 in (1,74 m)[1]Warna rambutCoklat[1]Warna mataCoklat[1] Situs websodelushious.com Christine Diane Chrissy Teigen (/ˈtiːɡən/; kelahiran 30 No...

 

 

South Regional TAFE

South Regional TAFETypeVocational Education and TrainingEstablished2016LocationWestern Australia, AustraliaWebsitewww.southregionaltafe.wa.edu.au South Regional TAFE is a State Training Provider providing a range of vocational education located in southern regional Western Australia. On 11 April 2016,[1] South West Institute of Technology, Great Southern Institute of Technology, the CY O’Connor Institute Narrogin campus and the Goldfields Institute of Technology Esperance campus for...

 

 

Tito Schipa Jr.

Tito Schipa Jr.Tito Schipa Jr. in un'immagine giovanile del 1971 Nazionalità Italia GenereOpera rockMusica leggera Periodo di attività musicale1966 – in attività EtichettaFonit Cetra, IT, RCA Italiana Album pubblicati5 Studio5 Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Tito Luigi Giovanni Michelangelo Schipa, noto come Tito Schipa Jr. (Lisbona, 18 aprile 1946), è un cantautore, compositore, regista, attore e produttore italiano. Figlio del cele...

Rumah Kaliurang

Rumah KaliurangPosterSutradara Dwi Sasono Dondy Adrian Produser Aufa Ariaputra Ikhsan Mohammad SkenarioHusein M. AtmodjoCerita Husein M. Atmodjo Dondy Adrian Pemeran Shareefa Daanish Randy Pangalila Erika Carlina Wafda Saifan Lubis Khiva Iskak Penata musikOpinkSinematograferAkhmad KhomainiPenyunting Indra W Kurnia Dody Chandra Perusahaanproduksiim-a-gin-eDistributorBioskop OnlineTanggal rilis 25 Oktober 2022 (2022-10-25) Durasi67 menitNegaraIndonesiaBahasaIndonesia Rumah Kaliurang ...

 

 

Kandahar

Mengalihkan ke:Kandahar (kota)Kandahar ( Indonesia: / k æ n d ə ˌ h ɑːr /code: id is deprecated ; bahasa Pashtun: کندهار Kandahar, bahasa Persia Afganistan: قندهار, Qandahar) adalah sebuah kota yang terletak di Afganistan bagian selatan. Kota ini merupakan kota terbesar kedua di Afganistan setelah Kabul serta merupakan ibukota Provinsi Kandahar. Kota ini juga disebut dalam wiracarita Mahabharata dengan nama: Gandhara. Kota ini juga dikenal sebagai kota Taliban, di man...

 

 

Fagus lucida

Species of beech Fagus lucida Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Fagaceae Genus: Fagus Species: F. lucida Binomial name Fagus lucidaRehder & E. H. Wilson Fagus lucida is a species of tree in the family Fagaceae. It is a tree up to 25 metres (82 ft) tall native to southern and eastern China.[1] Seeds and young leaves are edible.[2] References ^ Chengjiu Huang, Yong...

Allemette

l'Allemette La rivière à Chalais en 2020. Cours de l'Allemette. Caractéristiques Longueur 24,15 km [1] Bassin collecteur Loire Nombre de Strahler 3 Organisme gestionnaire SMABCAC Régime Pluvial Cours Source Les Landes · Localisation Chaillac · Altitude 234 m · Coordonnées 46° 24′ 04″ N, 1° 16′ 17″ E Confluence l'Anglin · Localisation BélâbreChalais · Altitude 98 m · Coordonnées 46° 32′ 09″ N, 1° 10...

 

 

Stasiun Cipunegara

Stasiun Cipunegara Stasiun Cipunegara, 2012LokasiKiarasari, Compreng, Subang, Jawa Barat 41257IndonesiaKoordinat6°27′18″S 107°52′48″E / 6.45500°S 107.88000°E / -6.45500; 107.88000Koordinat: 6°27′18″S 107°52′48″E / 6.45500°S 107.88000°E / -6.45500; 107.88000Ketinggian+21 mOperator Kereta Api IndonesiaDaerah Operasi III Cirebon Letakkm 131+554 lintas Jakarta–Jatinegara–Cikampek–Cirebon Prujakan–Prupuk–Purwokerto�...

 

 

История христианства в Центральной Азии

ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Раннее христианство Гностическое христианство Вселенские соборы Н...

Chimanlal Girdharlal Road

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chimanlal Girdharlal Road – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) C. G. RoadChiman Lal Girdhar Lal RoadMaintained byAhmedabad Municipal CorporationLength2.23 mi (3.59 km)South endMaha...

 

 

大字 (数字)

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています（詳細）。 数字の大字（だいじ）は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字（小字）の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券（「壱」が大字） 弐千円日本銀行券（「弐」が大字） 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

 

 

Professional Footballers Association of Malaysia

Professional Footballers Association of MalaysiaPersatuan Pemain-Pemain Bolasepak Profesional MalaysiaAbbreviationPFAMFormation2009; 15 years ago (2009)HeadquartersPlaza Damas 3, Sri Hartamas, Kuala LumpurLocationKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaRegion served MalaysiaPresidentSafee SaliVice-PresidentRazman RoslanCEOIzham IsmailAffiliationsFIFPROStaff 7Websitepfam.my The Professional Footballers Association of Malaysia (Malay: Persatuan Pemain-Pemain Bolasepak Profesional Malaysia, abb...

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

 

Kinlock Shelter

Rock shelter and Native American cultural site in Alabama Kinlock ShelterPanorama of the shelterLocationAlabama, United StatesVisitorsVisitation Allowed The Kinlock Shelter is a rock shelter and Native American cultural site located just outside Sipsey Wilderness in Bankhead National Forest,[1] near Double Springs, Alabama. The shelter is located not far from Hubbard Creek, near a former Civilian Conservation Corps work camp off Kinlock Road. The name Kinlock is taken from a former pl...

 

 

Associazione Sportiva Bari 1988-1989

Voce principale: Associazione Sportiva Bari. Associazione Sportiva BariStagione 1988-1989Sport calcio Squadra Bari Allenatore Gaetano Salvemini Presidente Vincenzo Matarrese Serie B2º posto. Promosso in Serie A Coppa italiaSeconda fase Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Carrera, Mannini (37) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Monelli (10) StadioStadio della Vittoria 1987-1988 1989-1990 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa pagina raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Associazione Sportiv...

Stasiun MRT Orchard

 NS22 Stasiun MRT Orchard乌节地铁站ஆர்ச்சர்ட்Angkutan cepatPeron Stasiun NS22 MRT OrchardLokasi437 Orchard RoadSingapore 238878Koordinat1°18′15.53″N 103°49′54.98″E / 1.3043139°N 103.8319389°E / 1.3043139; 103.8319389Jalur  Jalur Utara Selatan Jumlah peronPulauJumlah jalur2LayananBus, TaksiKonstruksiJenis strukturBawah tanahTinggi peron2Akses difabelYesInformasi lainKode stasiunNS22SejarahDibuka12 Desember 1987Ope...

 

 

بيتشكرافت تي-6 تكسان الثانية

بيتشكرافت T-6 تكسان الثانيةمعلومات عامةالنوع طائرة تدريببلد الأصل الولايات المتحدةالمهام تدريب طيران التطوير والتصنيعالصانع هوكر بيتش كرافتسنة الصنع 2000الكمية المصنوعة 636سيرة الطائرةدخول الخدمة 2001أول طيران 2000الخدمةالمستخدم الأساسي القوات الجوية الأمريكيةمستخدمون آخر�...