Health in Latvia

Life expectancy in Latvia from 1896 to 2021

A new measure of expected human capital calculated for 195 countries from 1990 to 2016 and defined for each birth cohort as the expected years lived from age 20 to 64 years and adjusted for educational attainment, learning or education quality, and functional health status was published by The Lancet in September 2018. Latvia had the twenty-first highest level of expected human capital with 23 health, education, and learning-adjusted expected years lived between age 20 and 64 years.[1]

As of 2009, there were approximately 8,600 inhabitants of Latvia living with HIV/AIDS, accounting for a 0.7% adult HIV prevalence rate. There were 32,376 (1.44%) individual instances of clinically reported alcoholism in Latvia in 2008, as well as cases of addictions to other substances.[2] The annual number of births per 1,000 adolescent women aged 15 to 19 has declined from 49.9 in 1990 to 17.9 in 2007.[3] In 2005, Latvia had a suicide rate of 24.5 per 100,000 inhabitants (down from 40.7 in 1995), the 7th highest in the world.[4] Latvia achieved a remarkable improvement in infant mortality from 6.2/1000 births in 2012 to 3.9/1000 in 2014.[5][6]

In 2018, the health among Latvian and international medical students studying in Riga was assessed. Latvian students displayed a higher prevalence of anxiety, depressive symptoms and physical symptoms. Latvian students displayed troubles adjusting to stressful life events. Further research to identify whether Latvians have a lower threshold for stressors or whether they are exposed to more stressors than international students should be performed.[7] These stressors could be influenced by the growing social inequality within Latvia.[8]

Healthcare

The Latvian healthcare system is a universal programme, largely funded through government taxation.[9] It is similar to British NHS-type health system with a purchaser-provider split (PPS). After undergoing multiple reforms, a National Health Service (NHS) (Nacionālais veselības dienests (NVD)) type system was established in 2011.[10]

The NVD controls the implementation of healthcare policies while the Ministry of Health develops policies and oversees the system. Healthcare services are available for free for citizens of Latvia. The country's Ministry of Health manages its healthcare system through a combination of social insurance institutional body, legislative healthcare provision financed by taxes and numerous public and private providers.[11]

Despite near-universal population coverage provided by the NVD established in 2011, there are challenges to equitable access with issues around geographical distribution of health professionals, user charges and long waiting lists. The publicly funded health benefits package is limited in scope and only covers a predetermined set of services.[12][13]

Healthcare system of Latvia was among the lowest-ranked healthcare systems in Europe, due to excessive waiting times for treatment, insufficient access to the latest medicines, and other factors.[14] There were 59 hospitals in Latvia in 2009, down from 94 in 2007, and 121 in 2006.[15][16][17] In 2023, there are

Since 2012 performance has improved considerably, with a reduction in infant mortality from 6.2 per thousand births to 3.9 in two years.[5]

Corruption is relatively widespread in the Latvian healthcare system, although the situation has improved since the early 1990s [citation needed]. It has been noted that an environment conducive to corruption has been promulgated by low salaries and poorly implemented systemic reforms.[18] This also results in brain drain, mostly to Western EU nations [citation needed]. According to the survey conducted by the Euro health consumer index in 2015 Latvia was among the European countries in which unofficial payments to doctors were reported most commonly.[5]

Vaccination

The notion of mandatory vaccination in Latvia differs from that of other nations. Latvia appears unique in that it compels health care providers to obtain the signatures of those who decline vaccination. Individuals have the right to refuse a vaccination, but if they do so, health providers have a duty to explain the health consequences.[19]

Vaccines that are not mandatory are not publicly funded, so the cost for those must be borne by parents or employers, she adds. Funded vaccinations include tuberculosis, diphtheria, measles, hepatitis B, human papilloma virus for 12-year-old girls, and tick-borne encephalitis until age 18 in endemic areas and for orphans.

Health statistics

Access to health care in Latvia remains limited for a large segment of the population, with large numbers of those on low incomes, reporting unmet needs (above 12%) because of financial constraints, and those with high income are closer to EU average 2.5%.[20]

In OECD statistics only 46% of Latvians reported to be in good health, the second lowest level in the EU by 2015,[10] and the health expenditure per capita ranked 27 out of 30 countries in EU while also being the second lowest after Romania, with the second lowest life expectancy among all EU countries in 2017.[21][20]

In Euro Health Consumer Index, which ranks performance of accessibility, outcome, prevention and pharmaceuticals scores, Latvia ranked in 30th out of 35 countries in overall ranking in 2018.[22] According to OECD Country Health Profile 2019, Leading causes of deaths (approx. 3/4) are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke and heart attack related. In recent years mortality from cancers (prostate, pancreatic, breast) are rising.[20]

Latvia ranked second lowest after Lithuania, between other EU countries in including preventable causes of mortality, and third lowest, after Lithuania and Romania in terms of treatable causes of mortality.[20]

The number of new HIV cases has been rising since 2005 and now is the highest in the EU. In 2017, 19/100 000 population in compared with 5.8/100 000 in the EU.[20]

Latvia had the fourth highest mortality in Europe, at 704 per 100,000 population in 2015, the third highest rate of male smokers - 49%, and the second highest rate of death from injury (55 per 100,000).[23]

Risk factors

The majority of deaths in Latvia can be linked to lifestyle-related risk factors, such as dietary risks (Latvia - 31%, EU - 18%), tobacco usage, alcohol and low physical activity.[20]

According to OECD Country Health Profile 2017, in 2014, 1 in 4 adults in Latvia were daily smokers. About 1 in 5 adults reported heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis, which was close to average in the EU, but with substantial difference between men (33%) and women (8%).

Obesity rates are the second highest in the EU and on the rise: more than 1 in 5 adults in Latvia was obese in 2014 compared to 1 in 6 in 2008.[10]

In 2017, more than 21% of adults were obese, more than 6% above EU average.[20]

See also

List of hospitals in Latvia.

References

  1. ^ Lim, Stephen; et, al. "Measuring human capital: a systematic analysis of 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016". Lancet. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  2. ^ "Incidence of alcoholism, narcotic and psychotropic substances habit". Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  3. ^ "2010 Update for the MDG database:Adolescent birth rate". United Nations. 5 September 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  4. ^ "WHO | Country reports and charts available". World Health Organisation. 7 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2005. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  5. ^ a b c "Outcomes in EHCI 2015" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  6. ^ protez, saç. "protez saç". protez saç. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  7. ^ Rueckert, Kamiar-Kersten; Ancane, Gunta (25 June 2018). "Cross-sectional study among medical students in Latvia: Differences of mental symptoms and somatic symptoms among Latvian and international students". Papers on Anthropology. 27 (1): 47–54. doi:10.12697/poa.2018.2.1.05.
  8. ^ "OECD Economic Survey of Latvia: Boosting productivity and inclusiveness" (PDF). OECD Archive. 15 September 2017.
  9. ^ "Latvia's Healthcare System is Funded by General Taxation and All Latvians and Foreign Residents Are Guaranteed Medical Care". Business Library. 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2010 – via Findarticles.com.
  10. ^ a b c "Latvia: Country Health Profile 2017". OECD Library. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  11. ^ "Latvia Healthcare System & Insurance Options for Expats". Expat Financial - Global Insurance for Expats. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  12. ^ "Latvia health system information". European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  13. ^ "Latvia: health system summary". European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  14. ^ Kolyako, Nina (14 November 2008). "Latvia has worst health care system in Europe". The Baltic Course. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  15. ^ Jolly, David (18 June 2009). "Latvian Health Official Resigns Over Cuts". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  16. ^ "The basic indicators of health care, at the end of the year". Centrālā statistikas pārvalde. 22 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  17. ^ "The Baltic States and their health systems – From Soviet to EU". European-Hospital. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  18. ^ Hayhurst, David. "Fighting Corruption in Health Care Services". World Bank. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  19. ^ Walkinshaw E (November 2011). "Mandatory vaccinations: The international landscape". CMAJ. 183 (16): E1167-8. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-3993. PMC 3216445. PMID 21989473.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g "Latvia: Country Health Profile 2019". OECD Library. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  21. ^ OECD (22 November 2018). "Health expenditure per capita". Health at a Glance: Europe 2018. pp. 132–133. doi:10.1787/health_glance_eur-2018-29-en. ISBN 9789264303348. S2CID 239790423.
  22. ^ "Euro Health Consumer Index 2018" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  23. ^ Ballas, Dimitris; Dorling, Danny; Hennig, Benjamin (2017). The Human Atlas of Europe. Bristol: Policy Press. p. 66. ISBN 9781447313540.

Read other articles:

Audiofil

Sebuah foto lelucon yang menggambarkan seorang Audiofil Audiofil[1] ([audiophile] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) adalah orang yang memiliki antusiasme terhadap reproduksi suara dengan ketelitian tinggi.[2] Seorang Audiofil berusaha mereproduksi ulang suara pertunjukan musik langsung dengan sebaik mungkin, biasanya di ruangan dengan akustik yang bagus. Secara luas disepakati bahwa mencapai tujuan ini sangat sulit dan bahkan sistem perekaman dan pemutaran yan...

 

André Weis

André Weis Informasi pribadiNama lengkap André WeisTanggal lahir 30 September 1989 (umur 34)Tempat lahir Boppard, Jerman baratTinggi 1,90 m (6 ft 3 in)Posisi bermain Penjaga gawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini VfB StuttgartNomor 33Karier junior FC Germania Metternich SG Andernach0000–2007 FV Rübenach2007–2008 TuS KoblenzKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2008–2009 TuS Koblenz 0 (0)2009–2010 SV Wilhelmshaven 32 (0)2010–2011 TuS Koblenz 9 (0)2011– VfB Stuttgar...

 

العلاقات التشيكية الفيجية

العلاقات التشيكية الفيجية التشيك فيجي   التشيك   فيجي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات التشيكية الفيجية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين التشيك وفيجي.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة التشيك فيجي �...

K1 88-Tank

K1 adalah tank tempur utama Korea Selatan digunakan dengan Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Korea, yang dikembangkan oleh Hyundai Precision (kemudian Hyundai Rotem). Karya desain awal kendaraan yang didasarkan pada General Dynamics M1 Abrams, dengan beberapa perbedaan nyata termasuk sistem gabungan bar suspensi dan torsi hydropneumatic, dan fording kit, untuk memenuhi kemampuan operasional yang diperlukan yang spesifik untuk operasi tempur di daerah pegunungan dan berawa Semenanjung Korea. K1A1 ...

 

Clementi Stadium

Clementi StadiumFull nameClementi StadiumLocation10, West Coast Walk, Singapore 127156Public transit EW23  ClementiOwnerSport SingaporeCapacity4,000SurfaceGrassOpened1 April 1983Tenants Clementi Khalsa (1999–2002) Tanjong Pagar United (2011) Tampines Rovers (2012–2014) The Clementi Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Clementi, Singapore. It has a seating capacity of 4,000. It is managed by the Sport Singapore, which took over on 21 February 1983, and opened it to the public on...

 

Pokémon Platinum

Pokémon Platinum BerdasarkanPokémon Diamond dan Pearl PublikasiGenreConsole role-playingBahasa Daftar Jepang 60 Karakteristik teknisPlatformNintendo DS Modepermainan video multipemain dan Permainan video pemain tunggal FormatNintendo game card dan unduhan digital Format kode Daftar 30 Informasi pengembangPengembangGame FreakPenyuntingNintendo ProdusenJunichi Masuda DesainerSatoshi Tajiri (executive producer)Junichi Masuda (director)PenerbitNintendo, The Pokémon CompanyPenilaianESRB PEGI CE...

Battle of Atlanta

1864 battle of the American Civil War This article is about the battle during the American Civil War. For the 1983 professional wrestling match, see Last Battle of Atlanta. Battle of AtlantaPart of the American Civil WarConfederate fortifications on the southeast sideDateJuly 22, 1864 (1864-07-22)[1]LocationFulton and DeKalb counties, Georgia[1]33°44′45″N 84°20′56″W / 33.7459°N 84.3488°W / 33.7459; -84.3488Result Union victory...

 

大字 (数字)

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています（詳細）。 数字の大字（だいじ）は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字（小字）の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券（「壱」が大字） 弐千円日本銀行券（「弐」が大字） 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

 

Vanishing Point (Cole novel)

2001 novel by Stephen Cole Vanishing Point AuthorStephen ColeSeriesDoctor Who book:Eighth Doctor AdventuresRelease number44SubjectFeaturing:Eighth DoctorFitz and AnjiPublisherBBC BooksPublication dateApril 2001Pages278ISBN0-563-53829-5Preceded byEarthWorld Followed byEater of Wasps  Vanishing Point is a BBC Books original novel written by Stephen Cole and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz and...

Rhénus Sport

Rhénus Sport Informazioni generaliStato Francia UbicazioneStrasburgo Inizio lavori1974 Ristrutturazione2003 Informazioni tecnichePosti a sedere6 200 Uso e beneficiariPallacanestro Strasburgo Mappa di localizzazione Modifica dati su Wikidata · ManualeCoordinate: 48°36′01″N 7°45′53″E / 48.600278°N 7.764722°E48.600278; 7.764722 Il Rhénus Sport un impianto sportivo coperto di Strasburgo, Francia. Ha una capienza di 6 200 spettatori per le gare di...

 

1828

Cette page concerne l'année 1828 (MDCCCXXVIII en chiffres romains) du calendrier grégorien. Chronologies 20 avril : René Caillé à Tombouctou.Données clés 1825 1826 1827  1828  1829 1830 1831Décennies :1790 1800 1810  1820  1830 1840 1850Siècles :XVIIe XVIIIe  XIXe  XXe XXIeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies géographiques Afrique Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Angola, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun...

 

1941 (film)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir 1941 (homonymie). 1941 Données clés Réalisation Steven Spielberg Scénario Robert ZemeckisBob Gale Musique John Williams Acteurs principaux John BelushiDan AykroydJohn CandyChristopher LeeNancy Allen Sociétés de production Universal PicturesColumbia PicturesA-Team Pays de production États-Unis Genre Comédie de guerre Durée 118 minutes Sortie 1979 Pour plus de détails, voir Fiche technique et Distribution. modifier 1941 est un film américain réalis...

Alberto Moreno (calciatore)

Alberto MorenoAlberto Moreno con la maglia del Siviglia nel 2013.Nazionalità Spagna Altezza172 cm Peso64 kg Calcio RuoloDifensore, centrocampista Squadra Villarreal CarrieraGiovanili 2010-2012 Siviglia Squadre di club1 2010-2013 Siviglia Atlético49 (6)2011-2014 Siviglia45 (3)2014-2019 Liverpool90 (3)2019- Villarreal98 (5) Nazionale 2012-2014 Spagna U-2110 (0)2013-2017 Spagna4 (0) Palmarès  Europei di calcio Under-21 OroIsraele 2013 1 I due numeri ind...

 

Varicap

Type of diodeThis article is about a type of diode. For a purely variable capacitor, see Variable capacitor. Varicap diodeInternal structure of a varicapTypePassiveInvented1961Pin configuration anode and cathodeElectronic symbol In electronics, a varicap diode, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable reactance diode or tuning diode is a type of diode designed to exploit the voltage-dependent capacitance of a reverse-biased p–n junction.[1] Applications Varactors ar...

 

Protocol of Sèvres

Secret 1956 agreement between France, Israel and the United Kingdom concerning the Suez Crisis This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Not to be confused with the Treaty of Sèvres. The Protocol of Sèvres (French, Protocole de Sèvres) was a secret agreement ...

Nicola Prosatore

Nicola Prosatore Nicola Prosatore (Napoli, ...) è un regista, sceneggiatore e produttore cinematografico italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Vita privata 3 Filmografia 3.1 Regista 3.1.1 Cinema 3.1.2 Televisione 3.1.3 Cortometraggi 3.1.4 Pubblicità 3.2 Sceneggiatore 3.2.1 Cinema 3.2.2 Televisione 3.2.3 Cortometraggi 3.3 Produttore 3.3.1 Cinema 3.3.2 Televisione 3.3.3 Cortometraggi 4 Riconoscimenti 5 Note 6 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nicola Prosatore è nato a Napoli, per poi trasferirsi a Mil...

 

RUR-5 ASROC

RUR-5 ASROC Основная информация Назначение Противолодочная Базирование Надводные корабли Государство США Производитель Honeywell Начало разработки 1950-е годы На вооружении 1961 Современный статус Снят с вооружения в СШАНа вооружении в других странах Параметры Масса 432 кг (Mod 3)486 кг...

 

Гравитационный поезд

Пассажир лифта едет на теоретическом гравитационном поезде. Он находится в состоянии свободного падения, и прибывает в пункт назначения. Гравитационный поезд — теоретическое средство транспортировки, концепция которого состоит в том, чтобы перемещаться между двумя...

Marissa Jaret Winokur

Marissa Jaret Winokur Marissa Jaret Winokur (New York, 2 febbraio 1973) è un'attrice e cantante statunitense. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Filmografia 2.1 Attrice 2.1.1 Cinema 2.1.2 Televisione 2.2 Doppiatrice 3 Teatro 4 Riconoscimenti 5 Note 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Dopo aver studiato all'American Musical and Dramatic Academy, Marissa Jaret Winokur debutta nel mondo del musical nel 1994, quando interpreta Jan nel revival di Grease a Broadway. La svolta avviene nel 2002, qua...

 

牧原秀樹

日本の政治家牧原 秀樹まきはら ひでき 内閣広報室より公表された肖像（2019年 撮影）生年月日 (1971-06-04) 1971年6月4日（53歳）出生地 日本 東京都出身校 東京大学法学部ジョージタウン大学ロースクール前職 アメリカ合衆国ニューヨーク州弁護士所属政党 自由民主党（谷垣G・菅G→菅G）称号 法学修士（ジョージタウン大学・2001年）公式サイト 衆議院議員 牧原秀樹・牧�...