American artist Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986) created a series of 20 paintings and 17 photographs based on her more than nine-week visit to four of the Hawaiian Islands in the Territory of Hawaii in the summer of 1939. Her trip was part of an all-expenses paid commercial artcommission from the Philadelphia advertising firm N. W. Ayer & Son on behalf of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company, later known as Dole. The company arranged for O'Keeffe to paint two works, without any artistic restrictions, for a magazine advertising campaign for pineapple juice. Two of the paintings from this commission, Crab's Claw Ginger Hawaii and Pineapple Bud, were used in advertisements that appeared in popular American magazines in 1940. Her photos of Hawaii, all from the island of Maui, are said to be her first major works in that medium up to that point.
The exhibition of O'Keeffe's complete Hawaii series of paintings, comprising tropical flowers, landscapes, and cultural artifacts, has only been shown together in their entirety once, appearing in O'Keeffe's original showing at An American Place from February 1 to March 17, 1940, which was positively received by critics at the time. The original exhibition led to the sale of one work, Cup of Silver Ginger, which contemporaneously entered the collection of the Baltimore Museum of Art. Subsequent public exhibitions in 1990, 2013, and 2018, have shown only part of the series due to six of the paintings in the series being held in disparate public and private collections. In 2021, O'Keeffe's Hawaii photos from the series were first shown in a traveling exhibition dedicated solely to her photography.
Background
Georgia O'Keeffe was raised on a large, rural dairy farm in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, in the late 19th century. Her exposure to nature during her childhood is said to have contributed to her artistic development, leading her to focus on becoming an artist at a young age. O'Keeffe's mother encouraged all five of her daughters to study art, as women on farms were responsible for decorating their homes. Her mother also helped educate her children. O'Keeffe studied art at a Catholic girls' high school, where at the age of 14, she first began focusing on larger images in her paintings in response to a nun who criticized a drawing of two hands she had made as tiny and out of proportion. After graduating from high school in 1905, she began taking life drawing classes at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago under John Vanderpoel, whose impact as a teacher would stay with her throughout her life. She left the school after she came down with typhoid, forcing her to spend a long time at home recovering.[1]
By 1907, she was well enough to begin studying at the Art Students League in New York with William Merritt Chase, who taught his students to work quickly and to create a new painting each day. She won a scholarship in 1908 for her painting Dead Rabbit with Copper Pot, but financial problems caused O'Keeffe to leave art school and move to Chicago in late 1908, where she began working as a commercial artist. She took freelance commercial commissions in the fashion advertisement industry and corporate and business commissions in Chicago and New York, drawing lace and embroidery designs for women's clothing advertisements, often for 12 hours at a time, six days a week.[2] Her job required illustrators to quickly produce work for daily newspaper deadlines, and there was no end to job opportunities for those who could keep up. It was often rumored that O'Keeffe was the uncredited designer of the logo for Old Dutch Cleanser.[3] O'Keeffe later credited Chase for teaching her to paint quickly, a skill that was useful in the fast-paced commercial art world. But, according to author Laurie Lisle, O'Keeffe was not happy with commercial art work, as it brought home the "horror of meaningless work".[4]
O'Keeffe came down with the measles in 1910, leaving her vision too weak to continue illustrating advertisements.[5] This forced her to recover with her family, who were now living in Virginia, putting an end to her commercial pursuits. This was also around the time when she stopped painting. Up to this point, her academic art studies in the European style had only taken her so far. O'Keeffe recalled: "I began to realize that a lot of people had done this same kind of painting before I came along. It had been done and I didn't think I could do it any better."[6] After recuperating, she began taking drawing classes at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in 1912. Her sister Anita noticed O'Keeffe was no longer painting, and invited her to take classes from Alon Bement. Bement was training students to teach art to children. He relied on the Dow Method, the artistic approach of his mentor, Arthur Wesley Dow a mostly unknown artist and arts educator innovator. O'Keeffe began taking additional courses by Dow at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York in 1914. Dow's philosophy of art ("produce original work", "fill a space in a beautiful way") would lead to lasting, profound changes for O'Keeffe as an artist for the rest of her life.[7]
Everything changed for O'Keeffe in 1915. O'Keeffe began teaching art at Columbia College in South Carolina. At the age of 28 she made the rash decision to destroy all of her existing art work, concluding it was too derivative.[α] This would take her in an entirely new direction. Putting the color palette aside for several years, O'Keeffe worked simply in black and white, using charcoal to create abstract expressionist works based on original ideas. Sharing her new style with her friend Anita Pollitzer, O'Keeffe told her to keep them private and not to show anyone. Disregarding her wishes, Pollitzer shared them with photographer Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946).[9] Stieglitz began showing her work at his gallery in 1916, giving O'Keeffe an entire show to herself by 1917. They soon married in 1924. Stieglitz was opposed to commercial art, and his position created friction between the two of them.[10] In the 1920s, O'Keeffe's use of bright and radiant colors began to attract major attention, especially with her exhibition Fifty Recent Paintings in February 1926. Months later, O'Keeffe was approached by Edward Bernays on behalf of the Cheney Brothers Silk Manufacturing Company. They commissioned O'Keeffe to create five paintings of flowers, whose colors were paired with silk women's clothing styles. O'Keeffe's paintings were turned into reproductions for window displays and posters for stores to promote Cheney Brothers fashion.[11]
Ayer commission
By the late 1930s, O'Keeffe was highly productive and sought after, and her profile as an artist had reached a crescendo with multiple exhibitions and mixed, yet positive reviews. In April 1936, she and Stieglitz moved into the Arno penthouse at 405 East Fifty-fourth Street. Months later, Elizabeth Arden, then one of the wealthiest women in the world, commissioned O'Keeffe to paint Jimson Weed (1936) for her Gymnasium Moderne, a New York salon and fitness center. In 1937, Steuben Glass Works invited 27 artists, including O'Keeffe, Henri Matisse, Isamu Noguchi, and Salvador Dalí, to design crystal works for the company. O'Keeffe took the commission, designing a jimsonweed flower[β] which was etched on a crystal bowl.[12] By February 1938, Life magazine was calling O'Keeffe "America's most famous and successful woman artist". In May of that same year, she received an honorary doctorate from the College of William & Mary, which was arranged by Earl B. Thomas, an old friend of O'Keeffe's who was now working for Philadelphia advertising firm N. W. Ayer & Son as an executive.[13] Ayer was commissioning famous artists for their clients, bringing fine art to commercial advertisements. Ayer represented the Hawaiian Pineapple Company account, and Thomas would soon make O'Keeffe an offer to join their campaign. By July, O'Keeffe told friend and fellow artist William Einstein that she was considering taking the commission.[14]
In the 1930s, Ayer art director Charles T. Coiner was partly responsible for the popularity of marketing fine art with commercial products, particularly for clients like DeBeers, Steinway & Sons, and the Container Corporation of America. Coiner hired modern artists to perausde customers of the quality of purchasing products made by Ayer's clients in high-end magazine advertisements.[15] In 1932, Hawaiian Pineapple (later known as Dole) had come close to bankruptcy during the Great Depression. To get out of the red, they spent $1.5 million on advertising, using famous artists to generate interest in their product.[16] Coiner took the Dole account in 1933, making changes to their advertising strategy. Before coming to Ayer, Dole focused on the health and nutrition of pineapple. Coiner turned this around and changed the product attention to Hawaii itself. Japanese-American painter Yasuo Kuniyoshi and California Scene painter Millard Sheets were matched with Hawaiian Pineapple Company advertisements. Coiner next invited American artist Isamu Noguchi and modernist painter Georgia O'Keeffe to join the campaign. In the summer of 1938, O'Keeffe was offered an all-expenses paid, nine-week trip to the territory of Hawaii as a commercial art commission for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company. In exchange, O'Keeffe agreed to produce two paintings without artistic restrictions for a magazine advertising campaign for canned pineapple juice. O'Keeffe was hesitant at first, but Coiner managed to convince her to take the commission.[15]
Before traveling to the Territory of Hawaii, O'Keeffe's knowledge of the islands came mostly from travel brochures designed for tourists, preconceived ideas that O'Keeffe would have to master to create an original artistic approach and vision about Hawaii in her work.[17] By late January 1939, O'Keeffe finished hanging her annual exhibition of paintings at An American Place, Stieglitz's largest gallery. The showing, Georgia O'Keeffe: Exhibition of Oils and Pastels, ran from January 22 to March 17, featuring 22 paintings in her absence, as she departed for Hawaii a week after it opened.[18] Stieglitz took O'Keeffe to the Grand Central Station in Manhattan, where she left for the Hawaii Territory on January 30.[19] After arriving in San Francisco, O'Keeffe boarded the SS Lurline, a Matson luxury cruise ship, on February 3.[20] The ship took her to Oahu, arriving in Honolulu on February 8.[21] The entire trip, from New York to Hawaii, took her nine days.[19]
Arrival, interisland travel
O'Keeffe's ship arrived at Honolulu Harbor on February 8, 1939. She was met by a representative from Ayer (thought to be John S. Coonley) who took a tender out to the boat, and Helen Richards, the wife of Atherton Richards, president and manager of Hawaiian Pineapple, who waited for O'Keeffe on the dock. Both Coonley and Richards brought O'Keeffe traditional flower leis as a greeting, which greatly impressed her. She soon checked into the Moana Hotel in Waikīkī. In a radio postal telegraph to Stieglitz soon after arriving, she writes: "Arrived this morning feeling fine. Lovely summer weather here. Hope you are alright."[22]
O'Keeffe spent almost four of the nine weeks in Hawaii on the island of Oahu.[19] It was not until eight days[γ] after her initial arrival that she was first taken to the pineapple plantation.[23] She wrote to Steiglitz telling him that she had expected to visit the plantation on her first or second day.[24] O'Keeffe wanted to live among the workers on the Dole plantation to best capture the images for her commission, but Ayer refused to allow it. "O'Keeffe insisted on staying in the village where the pineapple workers lived, to avoid making the long round-trip drive there every day", writes art historian Michele H. Bogart. "Taken aback, the representative tried to explain that local custom would not permit such a close association between an upper-class white woman and native workers."[25] Art historian Sascha Scott notes that as a wealthy white woman, O'Keeffe's request "flew in the face of Hawaiian social, racial, and gender hierarchies", particularly in 1939, as the racial tensions of the 1932 Massie Trial in Honolulu were still fresh. The company was also unable to provide adequate samples of the crops for O'Keeffe to model. Angered by this treatment, the story goes, O'Keeffe was unable to paint a pineapple in Hawaii until she returned home.[26] Curator Theresa Papanikolas indicates that this established narrative may not be entirely accurate. Papanikolas believes that letters written home by O'Keeffe indicate she tried to paint a pineapple while still in Hawaii.[27][δ]
On February 23, she visited Kauai, spending two days on the island, visiting with artist Reuben Tam (1916–1991) in Kapaʻa. During her stay, she was hosted by Robert Allerton and John Gregg Allerton at the former Hawaiian Royal tropical estate, now known as the Allerton Garden.[19] After flying back to Oahu and spending additional time there, O'Keeffe visited Maui on March 10, where she checked in to the Maui Grand Hotel in Wailuku.[29] Artist Robert Lee Eskridge (1891–1975) arranged for Willis Jennings, the manager of the Kaeleku Sugar Company plantation, to host O'Keeffe at their plantation house in Hana.[30] His daughter, Patricia Jennings, took O'Keeffe on a guided tour of Hana, in an area now known as Waiʻanapanapa State Park,[29] where she painted two landscapes (Black Lava Bridge) depicting what she described as the meeting of "the lava and the sea" near Leho'ula Beach, "a beautiful strip of black lava stretching out into the sea—worn under in one spot so it was like a bridge."[29] On the road to Kipahulu, O'Keeffe spotted a flowering shrub that she thought resembled jimsonweed, her "favorite flower". Patricia told O'Keeffe the locals referred to it as "Belladonna". O'Keeffe asked her to pick some samples of its flowers for her. That afternoon, O'Keeffe painted Bella Donna in the Jennings' guest cottage.[31] Plant experts later identified the flower depicted in Bella Donna as the hybrid ornamental Brugmansia × candida, commonly known as angel's trumpet.[32] O'Keeffe's visit to the island of Maui continued to Iao Valley, where she painted for three days producing five paintings (Waterfall, Papaw Tree), using the Jennings' station wagon as a studio, just as she did in New Mexico.[33] Her visit later continued to Haleakalā crater.[34]
On March 28, she left Maui for the Big Island on an interisland steamboat that arrived in Hilo the next day. She was met by her hosts, the Shipman family, who took her on a tour of a black sand beach, and later Kīlauea, where she stayed at the Volcano House. The next day, she traveled to Kona, and spent the remainder of her time there on the west side. In Kona, she became lifelong friends with Richard G. Pritzlaff, a fellow New Mexican, where O'Keeffe had been spending her summers since 1929. Pritzlaff was a breeder of Arabian horses, Chow Chow dogs, and peacocks. After Stieglitz's death in 1946, O'Keeffe would later permanently move to Abiquiu. In 1952, Pritzlaff gave O'Keeffe her first two Chows, Bo and Chia, as a present, the beginning of her long fascination with the breed.[35] She returned to Honolulu on April 10 to prepare for her departure to the mainland.[34]
Departure and return
O'Keeffe left Hawaii on April 14, 1939, traveling on the ocean liner SS Matsonia. Her first stop was in San Francisco, after which she took a train back to New York. Upon her return, she began to get back into her routine through the month of May, but she began to experience serious health problems.[34]
Sometime in May, O'Keeffe began suffering from what she described as exhaustion. In a letter to art critic Henry McBride (1867–1962) dated July 22, 1939, she writes that she had been seeing a physician three times a week and had remained mostly bedridden for six weeks prior to the letter.[36] She experienced "stomach problems, headaches, and weight loss".[37] Meanwhile, the commission for Dole loomed large. She began painting, and by June or July, O'Keeffe completed Crab's Claw Ginger Hawaii, an image of a lobster claw heliconia, and Papaw Tree, Īao Valley, Maui, an image of a papaya tree. Both were submitted to Ayer to fulfill the commission for the canned pineapple juice ads.[37] She did not go to New Mexico that year and she stopped painting entirely until October.[38]
O'Keeffe never wrote or spoke about her specific work as an artist in Hawaii in 1939, except for her original 1940 exhibition statement at An American Place, where she implied that the brief, nine-week visit was not enough time.[39] She did speak often about returning to Hawaii. In 1958, she wrote a letter to Ansel Adams, telling him that her two best experiences were going to Yosemite with him in 1938 and visiting Hawaii in 1939.[40] She eventually returned to Maui in May 1982, visiting the island with Juan Hamilton and his family.[41]
Advertisements
Although it was never demanded or specified that O'Keeffe would produce a painting featuring a pineapple, her two submissions featuring a heliconia flower and a papaya tree caused some confusion. Ayer art director Charles T. Coiner recalled that O'Keeffe "came back with all kinds of beautiful paintings but nothing to do with pineapple...I said, 'I wonder if you couldn't paint the pineapple flower.'"[42] O'Keeffe explained to Coiner what had happened and how she was prevented from painting the pineapple by Dole and how she was provided with a terrible specimen unfit for painting. Coiner quickly made arrangements to send her a viable plant.[42] In less than two days, Coiner had a new pineapple plant shipped by plane from Hawaii to New York for O'Keeffe to paint. Sometime between June and July, O'Keeffe eventually completed her commission, producing Crab's Claw Ginger Hawaii and Pineapple Bud for Dole to use in their advertisements.[34] Her previous submission candidate,Papaw Tree, Īao Valley, Maui, a painting of a papaya tree, was rejected by Dole because their direct competitor at the time produced papaya juice.[43]
Two separate print advertisements for Dole Pineapple Juice used two different paintings to accompany the ads. Crab's Claw Ginger Hawaii was the first to be published, appearing in The Saturday Evening Post in April 1940 and a year later in Vogue in February 1941. Pineapple Bud was the second advertisement used, first appearing in Ladies' Home Journal in October 1940,[ε] followed by its subsequent use in Woman's Home Companion in November of that same year.[44]Crab's Claw Ginger Hawaii shows an image of a red heliconia in close view with the ocean in the background along the bottom; an island can be seen along the horizon with low-lying clouds. The text accompanying the ad using Crab's Claw Ginger Hawaii reads in part: "Hospitable Hawaii cannot send you its abundance of flowers or its sunshine. But it sends you something reminiscent of both—golden, fragrant Dole Pineapple Juice."[34] The ad for Pineapple Bud shows a framed painting of a close-up of a small, newly formed pineapple surrounded by its leaves. The ad presents this image in the context of art as a "First Showing: A Dole Pineapple Bud from Hawaii". The text at the bottom of the ad reads in part: "Perhaps you have never seen a pineapple bud—and words cannot describe the glowing crater of color which on the Dole plantations grows and ripens into a luscious big pineapple...Perhaps you have never tasted Dole Pineapple Juice—and there is no other way to discover the fragrant, zestful goodness of this pure juice."[45]
Paintings
O'Keeffe's ad hoc digital catalogue raisonné indicates that she completed a total of 44 works in 1939, of which 23 were drawings and 21 were oil paintings, 20 of which are part of the Hawaii painting series.[46] Of those 20, there are eleven paintings of flowers, seven showing Hawaii landscapes, and two depicting cultural artifacts.[47] It is not entirely clear which paintings were completed in Hawaii and which were finished on the mainland in New York, but O'Keeffe acknowledged this distinction in her original 1940 exhibition statement.[ζ] Previously, art historians like Lisa Messinger have dismissed O'Keeffe's Hawaii paintings as "very beautiful", but of "secondary importance" because they were perceived as formulaic and lacking innovation. Messinger considers O'Keeffe's Maui paintings as some of her best of the Hawaii period, with Bella Donna as her crowning achievement in the series.[49] Art historian Sascha Scott views O'Keeffe's Hawaii series as part of a larger discourse rooted in the history of colonialism, given the complex, interrelationship between the Dole family, the history of agriculture in Hawaii, and the hostile overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.[50]
Flowers
Crab's Claw Ginger Hawaii was owned by Dole Company from 1940 to 1976. After that time, the work passed through 10 separate owners, finally settling with Laila and Thurston Twigg-Smith in 1988, where it remained for 33 years. In 2021, it was sold by their descendant Sharon Twigg-Smith at Phillips for more than $7.7 million.[51] After Hibiscus appeared at the original exhibition in 1940, it disappeared into private collections. Saville had traced it to the collection of Alice and Fred Rubin, and noted in her catalog that it shared qualities with O'Keeffe's work depicting flowers at close range in the 1920s, but was unable to borrow it for the 1990 exhibition.[52] Eight years after Saville's exhibition, Hibiscus showed up in 1998 at a gallery in Memphis, then disappeared into private hands again. Papanikolas was unable to find the painting in time for the 2018 exhibition, but just days after it opened in New York City, Hibiscus appeared at auction, where it sold for US$4.8 million.[53]
Landscapes
On Maui, it is believed that O'Keeffe painted Black Lava Bridge, Hana Coast, No. I in Hana and her waterfall series at the Iao Valley.[54] O'Keffee painted for three days in late March at Iao Valley and talked about the experience in letters to Stieglitz and Ettie Stettheimer. Her guide on Maui, the young Patricia Jennings, witnessed O'Keeffe painting the waterfall series at Iao Valley and wrote about it, a somewhat rare event as O'Keeffe did not normally let people watch her paint.[55]
Cultural artifacts
Fishhook From Hawaii, No. 1 was bequested to the Brooklyn Museum in 1987 after O'Keeffe's death. The Brooklyn Museum held a special place for O'Keeffe as that was where she held her first retrospective museum exhibition in 1927. Fishhook From Hawaii, No. 2 was gifted to the Alfred Stieglitz Collection at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1987, also after her death.
Photographs
On the island of Maui, amateur photographer Harold Stein captured several photographs of O'Keeffe standing in front of the Hana landforms she painted (Georgia O'Keeffe in Hawaii). O'Keeffe borrowed Stein's camera to produce an additional 17[η] photographs of Maui, including flowers (Fence Morning Glory), landscapes (Sugar Cane Fields and Clouds), and cultural artifacts (Canoe Shed at Wai'anapanapa Black Sand Beach). Stein printed the negatives on Kodak Velox F photographic paper.[56] O'Keeffe had taken a few photographs prior to 1939, but the "Hawaii snaps" (as she labeled them) are considered her first major, cohesive works in that medium[θ] up to that point in her career.[56] One notable technique O'Keeffe brought to photography was the experimental method of "reframing", changing the position of the camera in each shot to arrange the elements in a unique way, resulting in different compositions of the same scene. It is believed that O'Keeffe came to this method through the instructional techniques of her teacher Arthur Wesley Dow, as it notably shows up in her Hawaii series, such as Lava Arch, Wai'anapanapa State Park and Natural Stone Arch near Leho‘ula Beach, ‘Aleamai, but also in her paintings more than a decade earlier (Shell and Old Shingle, 1926) as well as in photos almost two decades later (Garage Vigas and Studio Door, 1956; Road, 1957; White House Overlook, 1957). In his influential book, Composition: A Series of Exercises in Art Structure for the Use of Students and Teachers (1899), Dow notably taught his students to "Try only to cut a space finely by landscape shapes; the various lines in your subject combine to enclose spaces, and the art in your composition will lie in placing these spaces in good relations to each other."[56]
Exhibitions
O'Keeffe's Hawaii paintings have been exhibited together, in whole or in part, four times, initially by O'Keeffe herself in 1940. In the intervening five decades, many of the paintings appeared by themselves at exhibitions, but were not all shown together as six of the works are held in private collections throughout the United States. Curator James Jensen (1950–2017), of what was then known as the Honolulu Academy of Arts, was the first to propose the idea of a new Hawaii exhibition of O'Keeffe's work in the late 1980s.[58] Jennifer Saville, then assistant curator, organized the first exhibition in 1990, which was followed by two separate exhibitions curated by Theresa Papanikolas in 2013 and later in 2018.[59] Curator Lisa Volpe organized an exhibition that included O'Keeffe's Hawaii photographs in 2021.[56]
O'Keeffe's original exhibition of the Hawaii series was shown at her annual exhibition at An American Place from February 1 to March 17, 1940. It was well received by the public and critics alike, and led to the sale of Cup of Silver Ginger to the Baltimore Museum of Art.[60]Time magazine published a positive review of the exhibition.[43]
In 1990, Saville was able to gather 18 of the 20 Hawaii paintings for the Georgia O'Keeffe: Paintings of Hawaiʻi exhibition at the Honolulu Academy of Arts from March 22 through May 6, 1990, celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the original showing at An American Place. Two paintings, Hibiscus and Pink Ornamental Banana, both in private collections, could not be obtained for the 1990 show.[61] The exhibition was made possible by federal funding from the National Endowment for the Arts, state funding from the Hawai'i State Foundation on Culture and the Arts, and private support from Castle & Cooke.[58]
In 2013, Papanikolas organized 12 of the 20 works from the series along with a joint showing of Ansel Adams' work in Hawaii at the Georgia O'Keeffe and Ansel Adams: The Hawaiʻi Pictures exhibition, also at the Honolulu Academy of Arts, from July 18, 2013, until January 12, 2014. In preparation for this show, conservators restored and preserved the painting White Lotus. The exhibition traveled to the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum from February 7 to September 14, 2014.[62] In 2018, Papanikolas also curated a showing of 17 of the 20 works in the Hawaii series at the Georgia O'Keeffe: Visions of Hawaiʻi exhibition at the New York Botanical Garden, along with a horticultural exhibition of Hawaiian plants and flowers from the Enid A. Haupt Conservatory, combined with cultural programs and performances from May 19 through October 28, after which it travelled to the Memphis Brooks Museum of Art from December 1, 2018, through February 24, 2019.[63]
O'Keeffe's series of 14 Hawaii photographs (plus two photos of O'Keeffe by Harold Stein) were exhibited by the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, in collaboration with the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, in the 2021 touring exhibition Georgia O'Keeffe, Photographer.[56]
Plants of Hawaii
Although Hawaii is known for its native plant species, none of the flowers or plants depicted in O'Keeffe's paintings are endemic to Hawaii.[64] The plants and flowers O'Keeffe painted represent introduced species that had been brought to the Hawaiian Islands, initially by Polynesian voyagers in canoes, and much later, Europeans, over a combined period of 1500 years.[ι]Pink Ornamental Banana, Bella Donna with Pink Torch Ginger Bud, and Hibiscus with Plumeria depict multiple plant species.[65]
List of introduced plant species in O'Keeffe's Hawaii series[κ]
^O'Keeffe later claimed she waited two weeks to visit the pineapple plantation, but Saville traced her letters and postmarked and discovered it was, in fact, eight days.[23]
^Much later, in 1980, Stieglitz's niece, artist Georgia Engelhard (1906–1986), would tell biographer Sarah Whitaker Peters (1924–2019) about O'Keeffe's process which often involved initially painting small objects from a model to get the motif in place, "working from realism to abstraction", and later finishing the work from memory based on their impressions.[28]
^"Some of them were painted in Hawaii, some were painted here in New York from drawings or memories of things brought home."[48]
^O'Keeffe only took 17 photos, all on the island of Maui. Two additional photos (Georgia O'Keeffe in Hawaii) were captured by Harold Stein, a Boy Scout leader and amateur photographer, who also served as a guide and driver for O'Keeffe when she visited the island of Maui.[56]
^Lisa Volpe: "O'Keeffe's snaps from Hawaii are her first significant body of photographs."[57]
^Haupt Conservatory. "Likely unknown to the artist, many of the plants she encountered–and ultimately painted–were not native to the Hawaiian Islands, but had been introduced over the course of human habitation beginning approximately 1,500 years ago. Her depictions of hibiscus, plumeria, bird-of-paradise, and even banana–an ornamental variety–provide a snapshot of the tourist’s Hawai'i, and serve as a record of her initial exploration of her new surroundings."
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Bogart, Michele H. (1995). Artists, Advertising, and the Borders of Art. University of Chicago Press. ISBN0226063070. OCLC31607925.
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Papanikolas, Theresa; Groarke, Joanna L. (2018). Georgia O'Keeffe: Visions of Hawaiʻi. The New York Botanical Garden and DelMonico Books-Prestel. ISBN9783791357270. OCLC1021055485.
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