Hattori Hanzō (服部 半蔵, c. 1542[1] – January 2, 1597) or Second Hanzō, nicknamed Oni no Hanzō (鬼の半蔵, Demon Hanzō),[2] was a famous samurai of the Sengoku era, who served the Tokugawa clan as a general, credited with saving the life of Tokugawa Ieyasu and then helping him to become the ruler of united Japan. He is often a subject of various portrayals in modern popular culture.
He became known as the Second Hanzō. He would later earn the nickname Oni no Hanzō (鬼の半蔵, Demon Hanzō)[2] because of the fearless tactics he displayed in his operations; this moniker also distinguished him from Watanabe Hanzō (Watanabe Moritsuna), who is nicknamed Yari no Hanzō (槍の半蔵, Spear Hanzō).[6]
Biography
Hattori Hanzō was born the son of Hattori Yasunaga (服部 保長), the First Hanzō, a minor samurai in the service of the Matsudaira (later Tokugawa) clan.[7][2] His real name was Hattori Masanari (服部 正成). Despite being born in Mikawa Province (now Iga-chō, Okazaki, Aichi), he often paid visits to Iga Province, home of the Hattori clan. At the age of 15, his first battle was a nighttime attack during the siege of Uto castle in 1557.[7][2]
In 1561, Hanzō served Tokugawa Ieyasu (who at the time was still called Matsudaira Motoyasu) and has great contribution with Ieyasu's rise to power, helping the future shogun bring down the Imagawa clan. After Imagawa Ujizane had held Tokugawa's wife and son as hostages, Hanzō made a successful hostage rescue of Tokugawa's family at Kaminogo castle in 1562.[8]
In 1563, a major incident occurred which involved Hanzō. The Ikkō-ikki followers has rebelled in Mikawa and fought against Ieyasu. Moreover, the majority of the Tokugawa clan's vassals were followers of the Ikko sect. Honda Masanobu and most of the vassals joined the Ikko Ikki and began to take hostile action against Ieyasu. During that time, Hanzō, who was also a follower of the Ikkō-ikki, instead kept his loyalty to the Tokugawa clan and supported of Ieyasu to fight the rebels.[9]
From 1570 to 1573, Hanzō served with distinction at the battles of Anegawa and Mikatagahara respectively;[7] it was during this conflict that Hanzō received the nickname Oni no Hanzō. According to the Kansei Chōshū Shokafu[a], Hattori Hanzō rendered meritorious service during the Battle of Mikatagahara and became commander of an Iga unit consisting of one hundred fifty men. He captured a Takeda spy named Chikuan, and when Takeda's troops invaded Totomi, Hanzō counterattacked with only thirty warriors at the Tenryū River.[citation needed]
In 1575, he married the daughter of fellow military commander Nagasaka Nobumasa.[10] His son would be born around a year later.
In 1579, After Matsudaira Nobuyasu was accused of treason and conspiracy by Oda Nobunaga and was ordered to commit seppuku by his father, Ieyasu, Hanzō was called in to act as an official to assist the seppuku procession, but he refused to take the sword on the blood of his own lord. Ieyasu valued his loyalty after hearing of Hanzō's ordeal and was noted to have said "Even a demon can shed tears".[11][12]
In 1580, another incident involving Hanzō and the Hattori clan occurred. During that time, a military commander of the Oda clan was staying in Hamamatsu Castle in preparation to assist the Oda-Tokugawa alliance to attack Takatenjin Castle, which belonged to the Takeda clan's forces. However, a friction happened between the commander of the castle with a Tokugawa retainer over a trivial matter. Hanzō was trying to resolve the matter. However, the Ōgaki clan's retainers who were on the side of the castle commander attacked Hanzo, which caused the members of Hattori clan to fight them back, resulting in casualties on both sides. As a result of this incident, the Ōgaki clan demanded Hanzō to be held responsible executed. Ieyasu, then manage to trick the Oda clan by pretending to arrest Hanzō at first. Then as Ieyasu allowed Hanzō to escape from his prison in Hamamatsu castle along with his wife and children. After that, Ieyasu deceived the Ōgaki clan by presenting them with a head of someone else, while claiming it was Hanzō's head.[13]
Journey through Iga province
In the middle of June 1582, after the Honnō-ji incident, Tokugawa Ieyasu escaped from Sakai to return into Mikawa, in order to prevent capture from Akechi Mitsuhide and his troops. Ieyasu had only 34 companions with him, including Hanzō. The journey in which they took was particularly dangerous due to the existence of Ochimusha-gari, or "samurai hunting" gangs[b]. Ieyasu and his party, therefore, chose the shortest route back to the Mikawa Province by crossing through the Iga Province, which differed in many versions according to primary sources such as the records of Tokugawa Nikki or Mikawa Todai-Hon:
The Tokugawa Nikki theory stated that Ieyasu took the roads to Shijonawate and Son'enji, then followed the Kizu stream until they spent a night in Yamaguchi castle. The next day, they reached a stronghold of the Kōka ikki clan of Tarao who allowed them to take refuge for the night. Then in the last day, Ieyasu's group used a ship from Shiroko to reach Okazaki Castle.[17] However, The Tokugawa Nikki theory is doubted by modern historians, since it was not actually the shortest route for Ieyasu to reach Mikawa from his starting position at Sakai,[18] while on the other hand, it was also considered a very risky path due to the existence of Iga ikki clans which were hostile to the Oda and Tokugawa clans.[19][20]
The Mikawa Toda-Hon stated that Ieyasu went north from Ogawadate, crossed Koka, and entered Seishu Seki from Shigaraki, passed through Aburahi and entered Tsuge in Iga.[20] This theory was championed by modern Japanese historians such as Tatsuo Fujita from Mie University, who had expressed doubts about the credibility of the story regarding Hattori Hanzō's ninja helping Ieyasu, given that the story does not appear until the 18th century during the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune.[20] Some people claiming to be descendants of Kōka ikki clans also supported this route theory, and before they reached Kada pass where they could be escorted by the Kōka clan Jizamurai, Ieyasu mostly depended on his high-rank vassals for his protection, particularly the four Shitennō generals, rather than the popular theory about the help of "Iga ninja" clans.[19]
Kada pass, believed to be the road which was taken by Tokugawa Ieyasu to return into Mikawa province.[20]
Regardless of which theory is true, historians agreed that the trek ended at Kada (a mountain pass between Kameyama town and Iga). Tokugawa's group suffered a last attack by the 'ochimusha-gari outlaws at Kada pass where they reached the territory of the Kōka ikki clan of Jizamurai who were friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurai assisted Ieyasu to eliminate the threats of raiders and escorted them until they reached Iga Province, where they were further protected by other allied clans from Iga ikki which accompanied the Ieyasu group until they safely reached Mikawa.[16]
Portuguese missionary Luís Fróis had recorded in his work History of Japan, that during this journey, Tokugawa retainers such as Sakai Tadatsugu, Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and many others[21]: 314–315 [15][22] fought their way out against the raids and harassments of ochimusha-gari outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, while sometimes also paying bribes of gold and silver to those which they could negotiate with.[23]Matsudaira Ietada recorded in his journal, Ietada nikki (家忠日記), that the escorts of Ieyasu had suffered around 200 casualties during their journey due to the raids from bandits and outlaws.[24][25]
Further service under Tokugawa clan
Grave of Hattori Hanzō at Sainen-ji temple in Shinjuku Ward
According to Iga's history book (伊賀者由緒書) compiled during the Edo period, the Iga clan ninja which Hanzō hailed from never missed a single battle which involved the Tokugawa clan, from the Battle of Izu Nirayama in 1582, to the Summer Siege of Osaka in 1615.[26]
In late June 1582, a triangle conflict which was dubbed as the Tenshō-Jingo war broke out between the Tokugawa clan, Uesugi clan, and Hōjō clan.[27][c] Hanzō participated in this conflict on the side of Tokugawa Ieyasu as he deployed his forces in various forts in the Kōfu basin against Ujinao, who camped his army in the area of present-day Hokuto city. Hanzō led the Iga clan warriors to Katsuyama castle (Kamisone-cho, Kofu city), Misakuchi castle, and Kotohirayama castle (Misakuchi-cho, Kofu city), where he monitored the Nakamichi road connecting Kai and Suruga.[30] At the same time, a Tokugawa army detachment from the Iga Province commanded by Hanzō invaded Saku District, where they were also aided by Shinano local samurai warriors from the Tsugane clan led by Ōbi Sukemitsu. In early September, Hanzō and Sukemitsu launched a night attack on Egusuku castle (also known as Shishiku castle) and successfully captured it, under the cover of heavy rain.[31][32][33] Later, he also took the Sanogoya castle in Izu Province under cover of heavy rain. Hanzō was praised by Ieyasu for this achievement.[34]
In 1584, Hattori Hanzō continued to serve Ieyasu at the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute. During this battle, Hanzo marched to Ise commanding 100 warriors of Iga and Kōka ninja as reinforcements from Matsugashima Castle. His troops used rifles in defending the castle from the attacking Toyotomi forces.[35]
In 1590, Hattori Hanzō participated in the Odawara campaign, where he led a troops of he led 50 members of Negoro-shū, a group of mercenaries using firearms that originated in Kii Province.[36] After this conflict, Hanzō was awarded 8,000 koku of domain for his service. By the time Ieyasu relocated to Kantō region, Hanzō was given an additional 8,000 koku worth of domain, along with the command of 30 yoriki officers and 200 civil officials.[citation needed]
In 1597, Hanzō died on 2 January, succumbing to an unspecified illness.[37][d]
Hanzō's reputation as a samurai leader who commanded a 200-men strong unit of Iga warriors has grown to legendary proportions. Tales of Hattori's exploits often attributed various supernatural abilities, such as teleportation, psychokinesis, and precognition.[2][7]
After his death in 1597, Hattori Hanzō was succeeded by his son, whose name was also Masanari (third Hanzō), though written with different kanji (正就 instead of 正成). He was given the title Iwami no Kami (石見守)[40] and his Iga men would act as guards of Edo Castle, the headquarters of the government of united Japan. "Hanzō" is actually a name passed down through the leaders of the Hattori family, meaning his father was also called Hanzō and so was his successor. Indeed, there were at least five people known as Hattori Hanzō throughout history.[2]
To this day, artefacts of Hanzō's legacy remain. Tokyo Imperial Palace (formerly the shōgun's palace) still has a gate called Hanzō's Gate (Hanzōmon), and the Hanzōmon subway line which runs from Hanzōmon Station in central Tokyo to the southwestern suburbs is named after the gate, where his house was once located.[41][42][43] The neighbourhood outside Hanzō's Gate is known as Wakaba, but before 1943 was named Iga-chō ("Iga Town").[44] Hanzō's remains now rest in the Sainen-ji temple cemetery in Yotsuya, Tokyo. The temple also holds his favourite spear and ceremonial battle helmet. The spear, originally 14 shaku (424 cm) long, 7.5 kg in weight, and given to him by Ieyasu, was donated to the temple by Hanzō as a votive offering, but was damaged during the bombing of Tokyo in 1945.[45] Some of his other belongings are still in relatively good condition and can be viewed, but most other weapons, armour, and letters of commendation were lost due to a fire in Edo castle in 1606 that burned down his former quarters, the removal of his son from military command, and the chaos of the Siege of Osaka.
Modern and popular culture
As a vassal of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Hanzō was more popularly known in modern era as archetypical ninja figure and is featured in many fictional works. However, Hanzō was not featured in the first ninja boom of the Taishō era (1912-1926), as during that era, the ninja archetype figure in fictional works were more dominated by Sarutobi Sasuke and Kirigakure Saizō. Hanzō only started to gain his acknowledgement as legendary ninja in fictional works in the 1950s in various mediums such as novels, manga, anime, Japanese television drama, movies, and theatre of Japan. Important works in the process of creating "Ninja Hattori Hanzo" reputation include Shibata Renzaburo's "Akai Kageboshi" (1960) and Yamada Futaro's short story "Ninja Hattori Hanzo" (1964). The former portrays Hanzō as a central character who is deeply involved with the protagonist and runs through the story. The latter is a work that shows that "Hattori Hanzo" does not refer to a specific person, but is a name that is passed down.[46]
^a genealogy of major samurai completed in 1812 by the Tokugawa shogunate
^During the Sengoku period, particularly dangerous groups called Ochimusha-gari or "fallen warrior hunter" groups had emerged. These groups consisted of peasants or rōnin who were dispossessed by war and now formed self-defense forces which operated outside the law, while in reality they often resorted to hunting and robbing defeated samurai or soldiers during conflicts.[14][15][16] These outlaw groups were particularly rampant on the route which Ieyasu took to return to Mikawa.[16]
^The name of "Tenshō-Jingo War" was coined by Tashiro Takashi in 1980.[28] Furthermore, there is also a theory that from the perspective of local powers which continued to fight over the possession of the Oda clan's leftover territories, there is evidence that Tokugawa Ieyasu's transfer to the Kantō region following the fall of the Hōjō clan in 1590 and the placement of Toyotomi-line daimyo, until transfer of Uesugi Kagekatsu to Aizu, where the local daimyo were separated from their former territory and the establishment of control by the Azuchi–Momoyama period, was considered to be the extension of this conflict.[29]
^On the native Japanese lunar calendar that was used at the time, his death was marked as 慶長元年11月14日,[38] or the 14th day of the 11th month of the Keichō era, which corresponds to 2 January 1597 AD on the modern Gregorian calendar. Confusingly, the Kansei Chōshū Shokafu recorded his date of death as 4 November 1596,[26] which differs from the Hattori family tradition and the gravestone at the Sainen-ji temple[39]
References
^According to various sources,[which?] he was born in 3rd Nov 1541, 1542 or 1543.
^ abcdefJoel Levy, Ninja: The Shadow Warrior (2008), pp. 157–158
^奥出 賢治 (2002). 徳川十六将図再考 [Reconsideration of the Sixteen Tokugawa Generals] (in Japanese). Nagoya City Museum Research Bulletin. pp. 1–21. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
^Yamada Yuji (2017). "7. Tokugawa Ieyasu's passing through Iga". THE NINJA BOOK: The New Mansenshukai. Translated by Atsuko Oda. Mie University Facultyof Humanities, Law and Economics. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
^Masahiko Iwasawa (1968). "家忠日記の原本について" [(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary] (PDF). 東京大学史料編纂所報第２号 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.
^ ab(みちものがたり)家康の「伊賀越え」（滋賀県、三重県）本当は「甲賀越え」だった?忍者の末裔が唱える新説 [(Michi-monogatari) Ieyasu's "Iga's crossing (Shiga Prefecture, Mie Prefecture) Was it really "Koka-goe"? A new theory advocated by a ninja descendant] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
^Fumitaka Kawasaki (1985). 徳川家康・伊賀越えの危難 [Tokugawa Ieyasu and the danger of crossing Iga]. 鳥影社. ISBN4795251126. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
^Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958). 戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年) (in Japanese). 春秋社. p. 65. Retrieved 9 May 2024. Luís Fróis;History of Japan..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain " Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho
^ abOno Masahiko (小野 雅彦); Rekishijin Editorial Department (2023). "家康の天下取りを影から支えた伊賀忍者の「盛衰」" [The rise and fall of the Iga ninja who supported Ieyasu's conquest of Japan from behind the scenes]. Rekishijin (in Japanese). ABC ARC, inc. Retrieved 24 June 2024. From "The Truth About Tokugawa Ieyasu" in the February 2023 issue of Rekishijin article
^Masaru Hirayama (2016). "天正壬午の乱【増補改訂版】─本能寺の変と東国戦国史" [Tensho Migo Rebellion [revised and enlarged edition] - Honnoji Incident and the history of the Sengoku period in the Togoku region] (in Japanese). Ebisukosyo. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
^Okamoto Ryoichi (岡本亮一) (1982). 日本城郭史研究叢書 第8巻 大坂城の諸研究 [Japanese Castle History Research Series Vol. 8 Various Studies on Osaka Castle] (in Japanese). 名著出版. pp. 412–413. ISBN4404010362. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
^Lisa Leventer, Fodor's Japan: The Complete Guide With the Best of Tokyo, Kyoto and Old Japan, Fodor's Travel Publications, 1996
^Fodor's Travel Publications, Fodor's Japan: Expert Advice and Smart Choices: Where to Stay, Eat, and Explore On and Off the Beaten Path (2000), p. 61
^Mikhail Vladimirovich Uspenskiĭ, Tatyana Mordkova, Natalia Smaznova, One Hundred Views of Edo: Woodblock Prints by Ando Hiroshige, Parkstone Press, 1997
^Tamura Risa (田村梨紗) (2020). "「忍者・服部半蔵」の誕生──昭和三九年までの作品を対象に" [The Birth of "Ninja Hattori Hanzo" - Focusing on Works up to 1964]. 忍者研究 (in Japanese). ISSN2433-9008. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
