Harrat Khaybar

Harrat Khaybar
Harrat Khaybar seen from the International Space Station (North to the right of the picture)
Highest point
Elevation2,093 m (6,867 ft)
Coordinates25°43′10″N 39°56′34″E / 25.71944°N 39.94278°E / 25.71944; 39.94278
Naming
Native nameحرة خيبر (Arabic)
Geography
Harrat Khaybar is located in Saudi Arabia
Harrat Khaybar
Harrat Khaybar
Geology
Mountain typeVolcanic field
Last eruption650 CE ± 50 years

Ḥarrat Khaybar (Arabic: حَرَّة خَيْبَر) is a volcanic field located north of Medina in the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia. It covers an area approximately 12,000 km2 (4,600 sq mi). The most recent eruption occurred between 600 and 700 AD. Man-made stone structures dating to the Neolithic period have been studied in Harrat Khaybar.

Geography

The basaltic lava fields of Harrat Khaybar were formed by a series of eruptions over the course of 5 million years. These eruptions took place along a series of volcanic vents stretching over a 100-kilometer (62 mile) north-south linear vent system. The fields cover an area of approximately 12,000 km2.[1] The most recent volcanic eruption took place between 600 and 700 AD.[2]

The White Mountains of Harrat Khaybar, Jabal Abyad and Jabal Bayda, derive their light appearance from comendite.[3] Jabal Abyad, at an elevation of 2,093 metres (6,867 ft), is the tallest volcano in Saudi Arabia.[4] These mountains contrast with the darker appearance of the hawaiite lava flows and domes which dominate the lava fields, such as Jabal Qidr.[3]

IUGS geological heritage site

In respect of it being 'the largest historic basaltic volcanic cone in intracontinental settings within a Pleistocene rhyolitic tuff ring and lava dome field', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included 'The historic scoria cone of the Jabal Qidr' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'[5]

Human activity

Evidence of early human habitation has been found in the lava fields of Harrat Khaybar. The remains of Neolithic human communities have been studied there, including habitations, fences, and funerary structures built out of volcanic stones.[6] The structures are believed to have been constructed by pastoral tribes who lived in the area.[7] Similar Neolithic structures have been studied throughout Arabia, Syria, and Jordan, and are collectively referred to as "The Works of the Old Men".[8] These structures were first observed by Royal Air Force pilots in the 1920s, although they did not gain much academic or media attention at the time.[9] The Neolithic inhabitants also mined the volcanic field for obsidian [10]

Sandstone mustatils associated with early cattle cults have also been studied in Harrat Khaybar. Because the uneven lava plains are poorly suited to the construction of mustatils, many were built resting against volcanic vents.[8] Pendant shaped tower tombs or cairns in Harrat Khaybar have been dated back to the third millennium BCE.[11]

Similar funerary structures dating to the Middle Holocene are found within a range spanning across northwestern Arabia, although a particularly high density have been found in Harrat Khaybar.[7] These groupings of structures are associated with the oases along the fringes of Harrat Khaybar.[12] Keyhole and trumpet tombs, tomb structures not found elsewhere, have also been discovered in Harrat Khaybar.[13][14]

Researchers have studied hundreds of large stone structures nicknamed "desert kites" and "gates", but their exact purpose and function is still unknown.[15] The gates of Harrat Khaybar are so named because they resemble horizontally laid barred gates. This type of structure is rarely attested to outside of Harrat Khaybar.[14] The largest of the gates measure over 304 metres (1,000 ft) in length and 75 metres (250 ft) in width.[16]

It has been theorized that desert kites may have been used to trap and hunt wild animals.[17] In particular, it has been theorized that they were used to corral herds of gazelles.[16] The kites found in Harrat Khaybar are similar to other stone structures found in neighboring Syria and Jordan.[18] However, many of the kites of Harrat Khaybar are built in a different shape than those found elsewhere.[19]

In 2004, neurologist Abdullah al-Saeed first began studying the structures in the lava fields and found them to be unimpressive, but reassessed their importance after reexamination of the area by the use of Google Earth. According to al-Saeed, he and his team did not observe the pattern and importance of the structures until observing them from an aerial viewpoint.[15]

Al-Saeed and his team later collaborated with British archaeologist David L. Kennedy, who had used aerial archaeology to study similar structures in Jordan, but had not been allowed to cross the border into Saudi Arabia. According to Kennedy, the structures in the Harrat Khaybar were created between 2,000 and 9,000 years earlier than those in Jordan.[20] As of 2017, the team of researchers had reportedly discovered more than 900 kites in Harrat Khaybar.[16]

Umm Jirsan lava tube

Within the lava field is the Umm Jirsan lava tube, with a length of 1,481 metres (4,859 ft) in three sections including two pieces of collapsed roof. It is Saudi Arabia's longest lava tube system.[21] In August 2021, the analysis of many thousands of animal and human bones from the cave system revealed that striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) had used this as a den for around 7,000 years.[22]

See also

Sources

  1. ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Harrat Khaybar". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  2. ^ "Harrat Khaybar Volcanic Field". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2008-04-14. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b Moufti, Mohammed Rashad; Németh, Károly (2014-04-19). "The White Mountains of Harrat Khaybar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 103 (6): 1641–1643. Bibcode:2014IJEaS.103.1641M. doi:10.1007/s00531-014-1022-9. ISSN 1437-3254. S2CID 129336899.
  4. ^ "Jabal Abyad: Kingdom's highest volcano". Arab News. 2011-11-28. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  5. ^ "The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites" (PDF). IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage. IUGS. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  6. ^ Vigliotti, Luigi; Ligi, Marco; Rasul, Najeeb; Sanfilippo, Alessio; Nomani, Salem Al; Tharowi, Ali Al; Jerais, Adel; Qutub, Abdulnasser (2018-04-01). "The ancient stone structures of Harrat Khaybar (Saudi Arabia): a neolithic spot frozen in time". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts: 8408. Bibcode:2018EGUGA..20.8408V.
  7. ^ a b "Desert kites: Another ancient geological mystery in Saudi Arabia". Arab News. 2020-11-10. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  8. ^ a b Thomas, Hugh; Kennedy, Melissa A.; Dalton, Matthew; McMahon, Jane; Boyer, David; Repper, Rebecca (2021-04-30). "The mustatils: cult and monumentality in Neolithic north-western Arabia". Antiquity. 95 (381): 605–626. doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.51. ISSN 0003-598X.
  9. ^ "Puzzling ancient structures found in Saudi Arabia". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  10. ^ Brohi, Imad. "Aramcon Travel: Harrat Khaybar – The Volcanic Fields Near Madinah". Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  11. ^ Kennedy, Melissa A.; McMahon, Jane; Thomas, Hugh; Boyer, David D.; Repper, Rebecca; Dalton, Matthew; AlKhaldi, Khalid (2021). "Dating the pendant burials of north-west Arabia: First radiometric results from the Khaybar Oasis, Saudi Arabia". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 32 (S1): 183–197. doi:10.1111/aae.12199. ISSN 1600-0471. S2CID 238455292.
  12. ^ Dalton, Matthew; McMahon, Jane; Kennedy, Melissa A; Repper, Rebecca; Al Shilali, Saifi Eisa; AlBalawi, Yousef; Boyer, David D; Thomas, Hugh (2021-12-13). "The Middle Holocene 'funerary avenues' of north-west Arabia". The Holocene. 32 (3): 183–199. doi:10.1177/09596836211060497. ISSN 0959-6836.
  13. ^ Kennedy, David; Bishop, M.C. (June 2011). "Google earth and the archaeology of Saudi Arabia. A case study from the Jeddah area". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (6): 1284–1293. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.01.003. ISSN 0305-4403.
  14. ^ a b Kennedy, David (November 2011). "The "Works of the Old Men" in Arabia: remote sensing in interior Arabia". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (12): 3185–3203. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.027. ISSN 0305-4403.
  15. ^ a b Daley, Jason. "Google Earth Leads to Discovery of 400 Stone "Gates" in Saudi Arabia". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  16. ^ a b c Fleur, Nicholas St (2017-11-17). "A Close-Up on Mysteries Made of Stone in Saudi Arabia's Desert". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  17. ^ Groucutt, Huw S.; Carleton, W. Christopher (2021-06-01). "Mass-kill hunting and Late Quaternary ecology: New insights into the 'desert kite' phenomenon in Arabia". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 37: 102995. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102995. ISSN 2352-409X.
  18. ^ Magee, Peter (2014-05-19). The Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia: Adaptation and Social Formation from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-139-99163-6.
  19. ^ Betts, Alison; Pelt, W. Paul van (2021-12-01). The Gazelle's Dream: Game Drives of the Old and New Worlds. Sydney University Press. ISBN 978-1-74332-777-7.
  20. ^ Fleur, Nicholas St (2017-10-19). "Hundreds of Mysterious Stone 'Gates' Found in Saudi Arabia's Desert". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  21. ^ Umm Jirsan: Arabia's Longest Lava Tube System, John Pint, Saudi Geological Syrvey, January 2021, accessed 2021-08-29
  22. ^ Taphonomy of an excavated striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) den in Arabia: implications for paleoecology and prehistory, Stewart, M., Andrieux, E., Clark-Wilson, R. et al. Taphonomy of an excavated striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) den in Arabia: implications for paleoecology and prehistory. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 13, 139 (2021). [1]

Read other articles:

Frank Lampard

Untuk ayahnya, lihat Frank Lampard (pemain sepak bola, kelahiran 1948). Perlindungan dari anon Frank LampardOBE Lampard sebagai kepala pelatih Chelsea pada 2019Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Frank James Lampard[1]Tanggal lahir 20 Juni 1978 (umur 45)[2]Tempat lahir Romford, London, InggrisTinggi 185 m (606 ft 11 in)[3]Posisi bermain GelandangKarier junior1994–1995 West Ham UnitedKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1995–2001 West Ham United 187 (39...

 

Drive My Car (song)

1965 song by the Beatles Drive My CarSheet music coverSong by the Beatlesfrom the album Rubber Soul Released3 December 1965 (1965-12-03)Recorded13 October 1965StudioEMI, LondonGenre Rock[1][2] R&B[3] Length2:28LabelParlophone, EMISongwriter(s)Lennon–McCartneyProducer(s)George MartinAudio samplefilehelp Drive My Car is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written primarily by Paul McCartney, with lyrical contributions from John Lennon. It wa...

 

Corbadrine

Chemical compound CorbadrineClinical dataATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Identifiers IUPAC name 4-[(1R,2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl]benzene-1,2-diol CAS Number829-74-3 YPubChem CID164739IUPHAR/BPS508DrugBankDB06707 YChemSpider144416 YUNIIV008L6478DKEGGD02388 YChEMBLChEMBL677 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID6046349 ECHA InfoCard100.113.606 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC9H13NO3Molar mass183.207 g·mol−13D model ...

ZDFinfo

German free-to-air TV channel You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (May 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated te...

 

Seinäjoen Jalkapallokerho

Seinäjoen JalkapallokerhoCalcio Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Colori sociali Nero, bianco Dati societari Città Seinäjoki Nazione  Finlandia Confederazione UEFA Federazione SPL/FBF Campionato Veikkausliiga Fondazione 2007 Presidente Raimo Sarajärvi Allenatore Joaquin Gomez Stadio Seinäjoen Keskuskenttä(3 500 posti) Sito web sjk.fi Palmarès Titoli nazionali 1 Veikkausliiga Trofei nazionali 1 Suomen Cup1 Liigacup Stagione in corso Si invita a seguire il model...

 

Синелобый амазон

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

Corporate social entrepreneurship

Non-specific organisational entrepreneur This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, poten...

 

Income-driven repayment

Student loan repayment program This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the ta...

 

San Juan, Argentina

For the village in Salta Province, see San Juan, Salta. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: San Juan, Argentina – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City in San Juan, ArgentinaSan JuanCityCollage of San Juan Coat of armsNickname:...

Lana Pudar

Bosnian and Herzegovian swimmer (born 2006) Lana PudarPudar in 2022Personal informationBorn (2006-01-19) 19 January 2006 (age 18)Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina[1]SportSportSwimmingStrokesButterflyClubKVS Orka Mostar Medal record Women's swimming Representing  Bosnia and Herzegovina World Championships (LC) 2024 Doha 200 m butterfly World Championships (SC) 2021 Abu Dhabi 200 m butterfly European Championships (LC) 2022 Rome 200 m butterfly 2022 Rome 100 m butterfly European ...

 

普密蓬·阿杜德

普密蓬·阿杜德ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช泰国先王普密蓬·阿杜德（官方肖像） 泰國國王統治1946年6月9日－2016年10月13日（70年126天）加冕1950年5月5日前任阿南塔玛希敦繼任玛哈·哇集拉隆功总理见列表出生(1927-12-05)1927年12月5日 美國马萨诸塞州剑桥奥本山醫院（英语：Mount Auburn Hospital）逝世2016年10月13日(2016歲—10—13)（88歲） 泰國曼谷西里拉醫院安葬曼谷僧...

 

List of Pittsburgh Penguins seasons

Mellon Arena served as the Penguins' home arena from 1967 to 2010 and saw the team win the Stanley Cup three times. The Penguins name was inspired by the arena, which was nicknamed The Igloo.[1] The Pittsburgh Penguins are a National Hockey League (NHL) franchise based in Pittsburgh. The franchise was established as one of six new teams in the 1967 NHL expansion and is currently a member of the Eastern Conference's Metropolitan Division. The Penguins played their home games at Mellon...

Byzantine Rite

Rite in Eastern Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism An iconostasis separates the sanctuary from the nave in Byzantine Rite churches. Here is shown part of a six-row iconostasis at Uglich Cathedral. North Deacon's Door (left) and Holy Doors (right). An Orthodox priest in Argos, Greece, conducts a morning liturgy. Liturgical book readers can be seen. Part of a series on theEastern Orthodox ChurchMosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia Overview Structure Theology (History of theology) Litu...

 

State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)

The State Intelligence Agency (SIA) (Bulgarian: Държавна агенция Разузнаване, romanized: Dǎržavna Agencija Razuznavane) is a Bulgarian foreign intelligence service, which obtains, processes, analyzes and provides the state leadership with intelligence, assessments, analyses and prognoses, related to the national security, interests and priorities of the Republic of Bulgaria.[1] Seal of The State Intelligence Agency History The history of intelligence a...

 

Jewish Federations of North America

Non-profit organization located in Canada and the United States Jewish Federations of North AmericaAbbreviationJFNAFormationJanuary 31, 1935; 89 years ago (1935-01-31)[1]Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organizationHeadquartersNew York CityRegion North AmericaPresident and CEOEric D. Fingerhut[2]Chair of the boardJulie Platt[3]SubsidiariesUnited Israel Appeal Inc.[4]JFBP LLC[4]Revenue (2012) US$49.0 million[4]Expenses (2012)US$4...

الدوري البحريني الممتاز 1967–68

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (يناير 2018) الدوري البحريني الممتاز 1967–68معلومات عامةالرياضة كرة القدم البطولة الدوري الب...

 

أكسازولين

أكسازولين أكسازولين أكسازولين الاسم النظامي (IUPAC) 2-oxazoline تسمية الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء 4,5-dihydrooxazole أسماء أخرى Δ2-oxazoline المعرفات CAS 504-77-8  بوب كيم (PubChem) 68157 مواصفات الإدخال النصي المبسط للجزيئات C1COC=N1[1]  المعرف الكيميائي الدولي InChI=1S/C3H5NO/c1-2-5-3-4-1/h3H,1-2H2[1]  InChIKey:IMSODMZESSG...

 

العلاقات البلغارية المنغولية

العلاقات البلغارية المنغولية بلغاريا منغوليا   بلغاريا   منغوليا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البلغارية المنغولية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بلغاريا ومنغوليا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال...

Thrombopoiesis

[1] Thrombopoiesis is the formation of thrombocytes (blood platelets) in the bone marrow. Thrombopoietin is the main regulator of thrombopoiesis. Thrombopoietin affects most aspects of the production of platelets. This includes self-renewal and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells, stimulating the increase of megakaryocyte progenitor cells, and supporting these cells so they mature to become platelet-producing cells.[2] The process of Thrombopoiesis is caused by the breakdown...

 

Henry Starr

American outlaw and actor (1873–1921) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Henry Starr – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Henry StarrPicture of Henry Starr from the Oklahoma Historical Society Photograph CollectionBornHenry Starr...