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Hardline imagery using two M16 rifles in front of an "X", symbolising the straightedge lifestyle

Hardline is a subculture that has its roots in the vegan straight edge hardcore punk scene.^[1] It is commonly seen as a more extreme version of straight edge, with influences from deep ecology philosophy. From its outset, hardline adherents put out statements and literature pushing a biocentric view of the world, which advocated for veganism, animal rights, pro-life, anti-homosexuality, and a much more militant version of the straight edge philosophy, which advocates for a no alcohol, no drugs, no tobacco lifestyle.^[2]^[3] The hardline worldview has been accused by critics as ecoauthoritarian.^[4]^[5] Hardline co-founder Sean Muttaqi adamantly rejected racism and fascism.^[6]

A handful of hardline bands existed, the most well known of which were Vegan Reich^[7] and Raid.^[8] Earth Crisis was loosely aligned with the subculture, but were not necessarily classified as a hardline band.^[9]^[10]

The heyday of hardline was in the early to mid-1990s when hardline chapters existed in a number of cities across the United States as well in the United Kingdom and Germany. However, by end of the 1990s, the subculture had mostly faded out of existence.^[4]

Beliefs

The Hardline philosophy forbids its adherents from smoking or chewing any form of tobacco, drinking alcoholic beverages, and using illicit drugs or employing medicine. Hardliners (as they are called) are expected to follow a strict dietary regimen based on the above-mentioned pillars of respect for innocent life and the "natural order". Hardliners eat only foods that are vegan and relatively natural (e.g. brown rice over white, evaporated cane juice over granulated sugar, organic produce over conventional, natural oils over hydrogenated oils). Human rights issues are also factored into the movement's "food politics", and followers are urged to shun third-world cash crops such as coffee, chocolate, sugar, and most tropical fruits. Hardliners include caffeine in their stance on mind-altering drugs so the first two items are generally abstained from, but consumption of the last two is often given more leeway.^[11]^[12]

The sexual politics of the Hardline movement are very conservative. Sex is not allowed except for the reason of procreation; thus homosexuality is seen as anathema. Pornography and masturbation are abjured. The use of birth control is avoided, and the practice of abortion is militantly opposed. Although the Hardliner stance on sexual activity is that its natural purpose is purely procreative, many hardliners justify recreational sex within the context of committed relationships as potentially procreative by opting not to use fertility control.^[3]

Hardline has always been highly syncretic (over time absorbing influences from Islam and a host of other schools of thought) and initially claimed a Taoist^[13] foundation for their sexual morals. This appeal to the orientation of the punk and hardcore scenes met with little success, and the topics of abortion and homosexuality have always been sources of tension between hardliners and their subcultural cousins.^[11]^[12]

History

The hardline subculture grew out of the hardcore punk scene in the 1990s. In the early 1990s, Earth Crisis were one of the first bands to infuse hardcore punk music with strict vegan messaging, and their popularity influenced other bands to follow suit.^[9]^[10] Hardline began to attract followers shortly after the 1990 release of Vegan Reich's Hardline EP; shortly thereafter Vegan Reich, and in particular band member Sean Muttaqi, took active leadership in the emerging "Hardline" subculture. Other bands soon formed; the most notable of them being Raid from Tennessee. Another source credited as influencing the creation of Hardline was the militant animal rights group Animal Liberation Front, in operation since 1980.^[5]

Muttaqi has said that he was first exposed to the idea of fusing veganism and abstinence from drugs by an English punk named Rat of the band Statement. Rat had allegedly coined the term "vegan straight edge" by the mid-1980s.^[14] However, Rat was doing little to spread his ideology while Muttaqi was transforming and propagating it. Vegan Reich was for many in the hardcore scene their first exposure to ideas about militant animal liberation, and the controversy they aroused drew considerable attention to their positions. Those in the subculture who gravitated toward animal-related causes but disagreed with some of hardline's finer points found themselves becoming vegan straightedge. Vegan straightedge band Earth Crisis initially wanted Muttaqi to release their debut EP, All Out War on his record label, Uprising Records.

Sean Muttaqi, as editor of the zine Vanguard (hardline's official press organ), was able to exert ideological influence on the movement, and caused the center of its activities to become shifted to Tennessee. Many in the Memphis hardcore scene adopted Hardline stances and started editing magazines, organizing protests, engaging in direct action against industries that exploited animals, and otherwise acting on their new beliefs. Some of the most notable achievements of Memphis Hardline were organizing the movement's first annual gathering and founding the long-standing Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade (CAFT). Hardliners were instrumental in CAFT, the Animal Defense League, and Vegans For Life. Some were also involved in Earth First!, anti-imperialist organizations, and other radical causes and groups.

As hardline came into its own, many hardliners decided that their philosophy was so beyond the narrow scene politics of straightedge that the two were entirely different things. The "X" was removed from the crossed rifles logo, straightedge was harshly criticized, and hardliners were encouraged to leave the hardcore scene. Much of this sprang from the momentum being gained by the more activist-oriented elements within the subculture. Eventually hardliners came to consider their network wholly divorced from the hardcore scene. However, the nature of information dissemination in a mostly pre-Internet media environment made recruiting from outside the hardcore subculture next to impossible. Although hardline served to involve people heavily in political activity, the overwhelming bulk of new members were straight-edgers who would with time come to identify primarily as activists instead of hardcore kids. Two of the more famous people associated with Hardline include Animal Liberation Front activist and former prisoner Walter Bond and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy^[15]

In the late 1990s some Hardliners from Massachusetts set out to establish an intentional community in Hawaii. The effort quickly failed due to personality conflicts (especially the ongoing debate among group members as to whether or not cooked food was natural enough) and a distinct lack of required agricultural and engineering skills.^[4] This self-defeating arc reflects tensions in similarly idealistic communes of the 1960s and 1970s during the hippie movement and the back-to-the-land movement.^{[fact or opinion? (See discussion.)]}

In 1999, a number of punk groups in Salt Lake City, Utah, were designated as criminal gangs by law enforcement. In an internal report, the Salt Lake City Police Department noted three punk factions in the city; Straight Edge, Vegan Straight Edge, and Hardline, and suggested they were "pro-violence, and ... have been responsible for a high number of assaults, stabbings, and beatings in the Salt Lake metro area".^[5] That same year CBS News in Utah ran a report about a number of Salt Lake City Hardliners who had firebombed fast food outlets and clothing stores selling leather items, attributing 30 attacks to Hardliners.^[16]

As Hardline began to falter at the end of the 1990s, Muttaqi attempted to stabilise it by organising a "Hardline Central Committee" which would act as an official leadership body for Hardliners. However, this body was not able to stop the breaking a part of Hardline.^[4] In 1999, Muttaqi and former Hardliner Micah Collins (aka Adam Naziri) formed an Islamic-oriented group similar to Hardline named Ahl-i Allah (People of God) and, a few years later, this morphed into the nearly identical Taliyah al-Mahdi (Vanguard of the Messiah).^[17] Both groups existed primarily online, remained small, and had disappeared by 2006 (until Naziri resurrected the Taliyah website in 2020).^[18]

Bibliography

Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3851-3.
Kuhn, Gabriel (2010). Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-051-1.^{[permanent dead link]}
Wood, Robert T. (2006). Straight Edge Youth: The Complexity and Contradictions of a Subculture. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3127-8.
Pike, Sarah (2011). The Study of Children in Religion: A Methods Handbook. New York, N.Y.: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7746-6.
Eeyore, Phoenix X (2022). Total Revolution?: An Outsider History of Hardline. USA: Warcry Communications. ISBN 978-1-9574-5203-6.

References

^ XVX, Mittens (January 9, 2017). "Statement: From Anarcho-Punk to The Birth of Vegan Straight Edge". DIY Conspiracy.
^ Loadenthal, Michael (2022). "Feral fascists and deep green guerrillas: infrastructural attack and accelerationist terror". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 15 (1): 169–208. doi:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031129. S2CID 247161917. Retrieved April 26, 2022. Hardline politics borrow from deep ecology, biocentrist, vegan, Straight Edge, punk, and other movements and represents the pinnacle of performative moral purity and the avoidance of vice (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, abortion, casual sex, eating meat/dairy). It can be found most frequently in the 1990s hardcore punk scene, and bands such as Vegan Reich, Green Rage, Raid, Recoil, Pure Blood, and Uprisin
^ ^a ^b Staudenmaier, Peter (January 2005). "Ambiguities of Animal Rights". Institute for Social Ecology. Retrieved April 26, 2022. The "Hardline" faction grew out of the Straight Edge movement in punk culture, and combines uncompromising veganism with purportedly "pro-life" politics. Hardliners believe in self-purification from various forms of 'pollution': animal products, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and "deviant" sexual behavior, including abortion, homosexuality, and indeed any sex for pleasure rather than procreation. Their version of animal liberation professes absolute authority based on the "laws of nature".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hughes, Brian (2018). "Reich vs. Reich: Libidinal Economy and the Hardline Subculture". Parasol: Journal of the Centre for Experimental Ontology: 76–117. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Smith, Gabriel (2011). "White Mutants of Straight Edge: The Avant-Garde of Abstinence". The Journal of Popular Culture. 44 (3): 633–646. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2011.00852.x.
^ Eeyore, Phoenix X (2022). "Total Revolution?: An Outsider History of Hardline". p. 78 and 83: Warcry Communications. Retrieved June 30, 2022. The first step would have to be a dictatorship by vegans who would help speed up the natural evolution process by re-educating those who can be, and weeding out those beyond help (1989). [and] Anyone who's followed Vegan Reich should know that we've always supported the Black Liberation Struggle and have always fought fascism in all of its forms (2020).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Paul, Aubin (November 4, 2009). "Vegan Reich reactivating". Punknews.org. Retrieved June 17, 2013. According to their MySpace, the controversial hardline group Vegan Reich are writing and rehearsing for a new record.
^ xYosefx (January 3, 2009). "Raid Interview - Scribd". Scribd. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "The rise of vegan straight edge & Earth Crisis". ThePunkRockMBA. April 9, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Parkes, Alan (June 2014). "This Small World: The Legacy and Impact of New York City Hardcore Punk and Straight Edge in the 1980s". Forum Journal of History. 6 (1). doi:10.15368/forum.2014v6n1.9. Retrieved April 26, 2022. Buechner formed his band, Earth Crisis, in 1989 with both straight edge and veganism as primary focuses for lyrical content, endorsing direct action from such groups as the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front. The ideas expressed by bands such as Earth Crisis would ultimately form a distinct social circle in hardcore known for militancy: hardline. Hardline and its strict vegan message developed a national following in the mid-1990s.
^ ^a ^b Gumbrecht, Jamie (April 18, 2006). "Life on the Edge". Sun Journal (Lewiston). Retrieved June 16, 2013. Hardline straight edge - An extreme version of straight edge that takes a strict stance against tobacco, drugs and alcohol, but also focuses on environmentalism, veganism and anti-abortion ideas. Some of the tenets have been criticized as being homophobic, racist and sexist.
^ ^a ^b Arciaga, Michelle (April 12, 2005). "Straight Edge". National Alliance of Gang Investigators Associations. Archived from the original on December 16, 2005. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
^ Sanneh, Kelefa (February 10, 2011). "Vegan Jihad: A Conversation with Sean Muttaqi". Scribd. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
^ "Rat of THE APOSTLES, UNBORN and hardline vegan sXe band STATEMENT on the old days, new projects, going from one extreme to another, and bidding farewell to England". September 4, 2021.
^ "Total Revolution?: An Outsider History of Hardline". Warcry Communications. p.9, 51, 169, 233. Retrieved June 30, 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "CBS Tonight News Segment on Hardline Straight Edge in Salt Lake City UT". CBS News. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ "Total Revolution?: An Outsider History of Hardline". Warcry Communications. p.3-4. Retrieved June 30, 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "How the "Vanguard of the Mahdi" inspired a new era of revolution". Taliyah al-Mahdi homepage. Retrieved June 30, 2022.