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Halodule wrightii
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Alismatales
Family:	Cymodoceaceae
Genus:	Halodule
Species:	H. wrightii
Binomial name
	Halodule wrightii; Asch 1868
Synonyms
	Diplanthera beaudettei Hartog; Diplanthera dawsonii Hartog; Diplanthera wrightii (Asch.) Asch.; Halodule beaudettei (Hartog) Hartog; Halodule brasiliensis Lipkin;

Halodule wrightii is an aquatic plant in the Cymodoceaceae family.^[3] It is referred to by the common names shoal grass or shoalweed, and is a plant species native to seacoasts of some of the warmer oceans of the world.

H. wrightii is an herb growing in salt-water marshes in intertidal regions, often submerged at high tide but emergent at low tide.^[4]

Taxonomy

This plant was named after Charles Wright, who was an American botanist and collector. In 1853 and 1856 Wright participated in a surveying expedition and discovered Halodule wrightii.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Some publications cite US specimens by the synonym, Halodule beaudettei,^[8]^[9] but the two names represent the same species.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Description

Seagrass is a marine angiosperm that possesses conductive tissue, shoot systems, rhizomes and flowers.^[14] It has flat leaves up to 20 cm long, dark reddish-brown, with a few teeth on the margins. The fruits are spherical to egg-shaped, about 2 mm across.^[10]^[4]^[15]

Distribution

This plant is mainly found in muddy coastal marsh waters and off the coast of many Caribbean islands.^[14] It has been reported from Texas,^[16] Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, North Carolina, Maryland,^[10]^[17] Yucatán, Quintana Roo, Tabasco,^[18]^[19]^[20] Costa Rica,^[21] Belize,^[22] Panamá, Cuba, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela, Brazil and Cape Verde.^[23]

In California, it was intentionally introduced into the Salton Sea from Texas almost a century ago, but died out a long time ago.^[24]

Ecology

These aquatic plants form sea beds and increase habitat stabilization through constant shoot and rhizome production. The string-like structure of the seagrass decrease water turbidity and movement of substrate whether it is sand or mud.^[25] Seagrass beds function as an incubator for young juvenile fishes. They provide shelter from predators and reduce competition with other species. Halodule wrightii also supplies food resources to several species of fish, invertebrate marine life and manatees.^[26] This species of plant has the ability to adapt to various levels of salinity and temperatures.

H. wrightii is able to reproduce sexually and asexually, however, flowering in this species is rare.

Conservation

Recreational activities, like jet skiing and boating, damage and uproot seagrass beds with ease in shallow coastal waters. Studies such as the one performed in Brazil's Abrolhos Marine National Park tested the direct effects of anchor damage caused by intense boating activity, and found that H. wrightii abundance was deeply impacted.^[27]

Restoration

Restoration of seagrass beds has been experimentally tested many times.^[28] One such experiment in Florida attempted to use H. wrightii as a pioneer species to stimulate natural succession to the eventual climax vegetation dominated by Thalassia testudinum. The experiment found that the application of fertilizer to transplants greatly increased their growth rate.^[29]

References

^ Short, F.T.; Carruthers, T.J.R.; van Tussenbroek, B.; Zieman, J. (2010). "Halodule wrightii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T173372A7001725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173372A7001725.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ The Plant List Halodule wrightii
^ "Halodule wrightii Asch". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States Monocotyledons 1–712. The University of Georgia Press, Athens.
^ "Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory". Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce.
^ Berlin., Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu (1868-01-01). "Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 1868. ISSN 0433-8731.
^ Ascherson, Paul Friedrich August. 1897. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2: 37.
^ Hartog, Cornelis den. 1964. Blumea 12: 303.
^ Hartog, Cornelis den. 1960. Pacific Naturalist 1(15): 4–5, f. 2a–c.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Halodule wrightii in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
^ Phillips, Ronald C. (1 July 1967). "On Species of the Seagrass, Halodule, in Florida". Bulletin of Marine Science. 17 (3): 672–676.
^ McMmillan, C. 1991. Isozyme patterning in marine spermatophytes. In: L. Triest, ed. 1988+. Isozymes In Water Plants. Opera Botanica Belgica 1+ vols. Belgium, Meise. Vol. 4,: pp. 193--200.
^ "Image". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
^ ^a ^b Gallegos, Me; Merino, M; Rodriguez, A; Marba, N; Duarte, Cm (1994). "Growth patterns and demography of pioneer Caribbean seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 109: 99–104. Bibcode:1994MEPS..109...99G. doi:10.3354/meps109099.
^ Novelo, A. & L. Ramos. 2005. Vegetación acuática. Cap. 5: 111–144. In J. Bueno, F Álvarez & S. Santiago, Biodiversidad del Estado de Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México.
^ Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson
^ BONAP (Biota of North America Project) floristic synthesis, Halodule wrightii Image
^ Cowan, C. P. 1983. Flora de Tabasco. Listados Florísticos de México 1: 1–123.
^ Sousa Sánchez, M. & E. F. Cabrera Cano. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Listados Florísticos de México 2: 1–100.
^ Novelo R., A. & A. L. H. 1994. 239. Cymodoceaeceae. 6: 15–16. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F.
^ Hammel, B. E. 2003. Cymodoceaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 456–457.
^ Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 85: i–ix, 1–246.
^ Creed, Joel C.; Engelen, Aschwin H.; D´Oliveira, Emanuel C.; Bandeira, Salomão; Serrão, Ester A. (December 2016). "First record of seagrass in Cape Verde, eastern Atlantic". Marine Biodiversity Records. 9 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s41200-016-0067-9. S2CID 7494405.
^ Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
^ Hall, Lauren M.; Hanisak, M. Dennis; Virnstein, Robert W. (3 April 2006). "Fragments of the seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Halophila johnsonii as potential recruits in Indian River Lagoon, Florida". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 310: 109–117. Bibcode:2006MEPS..310..109H. doi:10.3354/meps310109. JSTOR 24870011.
^ Pereira, Pedro H.C.; Ferreira, Beatrice P.; Rezende, Sérgio M. (September 2010). "Community structure of the ichthyofauna associated with seagrass beds (Halodule wrightii) in Formoso River estuary - Pernambuco, Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 82 (3): 617–628. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652010000300009. PMID 21562690.
^ Creed, Joel C; Amado Filho, Gilberto M (March 1999). "Disturbance and recovery of the macroflora of a seagrass (Halodule wrightii Ascherson) meadow in the Abrolhos Marine National Park, Brazil: an experimental evaluation of anchor damage". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 235 (2): 285–306. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00188-9.
^ van Katwijk, Marieke M.; Thorhaug, Anitra; Marbà, Núria; Orth, Robert J.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Kendrick, Gary A.; Althuizen, Inge H. J.; Balestri, Elena; Bernard, Guillaume; Cambridge, Marion L.; Cunha, Alexandra; Durance, Cynthia; Giesen, Wim; Han, Qiuying; Hosokawa, Shinya; Kiswara, Wawan; Komatsu, Teruhisa; Lardicci, Claudio; Lee, Kun-Seop; Meinesz, Alexandre; Nakaoka, Masahiro; O'Brien, Katherine R.; Paling, Erik I.; Pickerell, Chris; Ransijn, Aryan M. A.; Verduin, Jennifer J. (April 2016). "Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large-scale planting". Journal of Applied Ecology. 53 (2): 567–578. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12562. hdl:11568/759969.
^ Kenworthy, W. Judson; Hall, Margaret O.; Hammerstrom, Kamille K.; Merello, Manuel; Schwartzschild, Arthur (March 2018). "Restoration of tropical seagrass beds using wild bird fertilization and sediment regrading". Ecological Engineering. 112: 72–81. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.12.008.

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] Short, F.T.; Carruthers, T.J.R.; van Tussenbroek, B.; Zieman, J. (2010). "Halodule wrightii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T173372A7001725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T173372A7001725.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[2] The Plant List Halodule wrightii

[KewPOWO-3] "Halodule wrightii Asch". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved September 26, 2020.

[Godfrey1979-4] Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States Monocotyledons 1–712. The University of Georgia Press, Athens.

[5] "Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory". Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce.

[6] Berlin., Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu (1868-01-01). "Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 1868. ISSN 0433-8731.

[7] Ascherson, Paul Friedrich August. 1897. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2: 37.

[8] Hartog, Cornelis den. 1964. Blumea 12: 303.

[9] Hartog, Cornelis den. 1960. Pacific Naturalist 1(15): 4–5, f. 2a–c.

[fna-10] "Halodule wrightii in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-02-03.

[11] Phillips, Ronald C. (1 July 1967). "On Species of the Seagrass, Halodule, in Florida". Bulletin of Marine Science. 17 (3): 672–676.

[12] McMmillan, C. 1991. Isozyme patterning in marine spermatophytes. In: L. Triest, ed. 1988+. Isozymes In Water Plants. Opera Botanica Belgica 1+ vols. Belgium, Meise. Vol. 4,: pp. 193--200.

[13] "Image". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2017-02-03.

[Gallegos1994-14] Gallegos, Me; Merino, M; Rodriguez, A; Marba, N; Duarte, Cm (1994). "Growth patterns and demography of pioneer Caribbean seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 109: 99–104. Bibcode:1994MEPS..109...99G. doi:10.3354/meps109099.

[15] Novelo, A. & L. Ramos. 2005. Vegetación acuática. Cap. 5: 111–144. In J. Bueno, F Álvarez & S. Santiago, Biodiversidad del Estado de Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México.

[16] Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson

[17] BONAP (Biota of North America Project) floristic synthesis, Halodule wrightii Image

[18] Cowan, C. P. 1983. Flora de Tabasco. Listados Florísticos de México 1: 1–123.

[19] Sousa Sánchez, M. & E. F. Cabrera Cano. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Listados Florísticos de México 2: 1–100.

[20] Novelo R., A. & A. L. H. 1994. 239. Cymodoceaeceae. 6: 15–16. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F.

[21] Hammel, B. E. 2003. Cymodoceaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 456–457.

[22] Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 85: i–ix, 1–246.

[23] Creed, Joel C.; Engelen, Aschwin H.; D´Oliveira, Emanuel C.; Bandeira, Salomão; Serrão, Ester A. (December 2016). "First record of seagrass in Cape Verde, eastern Atlantic". Marine Biodiversity Records. 9 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s41200-016-0067-9. S2CID 7494405.

[24] Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.

[25] Hall, Lauren M.; Hanisak, M. Dennis; Virnstein, Robert W. (3 April 2006). "Fragments of the seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Halophila johnsonii as potential recruits in Indian River Lagoon, Florida". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 310: 109–117. Bibcode:2006MEPS..310..109H. doi:10.3354/meps310109. JSTOR 24870011.

[Pereira_et_al_2010-26] Pereira, Pedro H.C.; Ferreira, Beatrice P.; Rezende, Sérgio M. (September 2010). "Community structure of the ichthyofauna associated with seagrass beds (Halodule wrightii) in Formoso River estuary - Pernambuco, Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 82 (3): 617–628. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652010000300009. PMID 21562690.

[27] Creed, Joel C; Amado Filho, Gilberto M (March 1999). "Disturbance and recovery of the macroflora of a seagrass (Halodule wrightii Ascherson) meadow in the Abrolhos Marine National Park, Brazil: an experimental evaluation of anchor damage". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 235 (2): 285–306. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00188-9.

[28] van Katwijk, Marieke M.; Thorhaug, Anitra; Marbà, Núria; Orth, Robert J.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Kendrick, Gary A.; Althuizen, Inge H. J.; Balestri, Elena; Bernard, Guillaume; Cambridge, Marion L.; Cunha, Alexandra; Durance, Cynthia; Giesen, Wim; Han, Qiuying; Hosokawa, Shinya; Kiswara, Wawan; Komatsu, Teruhisa; Lardicci, Claudio; Lee, Kun-Seop; Meinesz, Alexandre; Nakaoka, Masahiro; O'Brien, Katherine R.; Paling, Erik I.; Pickerell, Chris; Ransijn, Aryan M. A.; Verduin, Jennifer J. (April 2016). "Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large-scale planting". Journal of Applied Ecology. 53 (2): 567–578. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12562. hdl:11568/759969.

[29] Kenworthy, W. Judson; Hall, Margaret O.; Hammerstrom, Kamille K.; Merello, Manuel; Schwartzschild, Arthur (March 2018). "Restoration of tropical seagrass beds using wild bird fertilization and sediment regrading". Ecological Engineering. 112: 72–81. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.12.008.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Halodule wrightii

Taxonomy

Description

Distribution

Ecology

Conservation

Restoration

References

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