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Hāji Firuz (Persian: حاجی فیروز) or Khwāje Piruz (Persian: خواجه پیروز) is a fictional character in Iranian folklore who appears in the streets by the beginning of Nowruz. His face is covered in soot, and he is clad in bright red clothes and a felt hat. He dances through the streets while singing and playing a tambourine.

Etymology

Haji, as written with the eighth letter of Perso-Arabic alphabet (حاجى), has a meaning unrelated to that of the word Hajji; it is a form of address, much like using sir to address a person in English, without the person being a knight. Firuz is the Arabized version of the Persian word piruz, meaning 'victor'.

Khaje Piruz is the other version of the term, which consists of the word khaje, identified as an Iranian title meaning 'master', and the non-Arabized piruz.

In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords.

The exact history of Hajji Firuz is unknown. According to some sources, Hajji Firuz is based on a tradition called Mir Nowruzi. Mir Nowruz was a comical figure chosen to rule the municipality for "the last five days of the year" (Panje). The temporary "five-day king" (Šāh e Panj Ruze) would often parade the city with a group of singers and dancers for the Nowruz celebrations.^[1]^{[full citation needed]}

Mehrdad Bahar, a prominent Persian historian, opined in 1983 that the figure of Hajji Firuz may be derived from ceremonies and legends connected to the epic of Prince Siavash, which are in turn derived from those associated with the Mesopotamian deity of agriculture and flocks, Tammuz (Sumerian Dumuzi).^[2]^[3] Later, it was claimed that the blackened face of Hajji Firuz symbolizes his returning from the world of the dead,^[4] his red clothing is the sign of the blood of Siavash and the coming to life of the sacrificed deity, while his joviality is the jubilation of rebirth, typical of those who bring rejuvenation and blessing along with themselves. Bahar speculates that the name Siyāwaxš might mean 'black man' or 'dark-faced man' and suggests that the term black in the name may be a reference either to the blackening of the faces of the participants in the aforementioned Mesopotamian ceremonies, or to the black masks that they wore for the festivities.^[5]

Haji Firuz, siyah bazi and a practice of Iranian blackface

In the last decade, there has been increasing research challenging the myths of Haji Firuz origins and instead looking into its connection to the Indian Ocean and Persian gulf slave trade realities as well as blackface practices. Scholars such as Dr Beeta Baghoolizadeh and Parisa Vaziri, each from the point of view of their respective discipline, history, and comparative literature, connect Haji Firuz with a legacy tied to the Indian Ocean and Persian gulf slave trade as well as practices known as siyah-bazi, (meaning black play in Persian ), for blackface performance.^[6]^[7] The work of the Collective for black Iranians has also consistently produced on the harms of Haji Firuz and blackface performances, with a call to end blackface performances in the Iranian community, mostly from black Iranians. ^[8]

Typical songs

Hājji Firouz E!

حاجی فیروزه، سالی یک روزه،
همه می دونن، منم می دونم،
عیدِ نوروزه، سالی یه روزه.

Hājji firuz e, sāl-i ye ruz e (It’s Hajji Firuz, it’s only one day a year)

Hame midunan, man am midunam (Everyone knows, I know as well)

Eyd e Nowruz e, sāl-i ye ruz e (It's Nowruz, it’s only one day a year)

Arbāb e Xod am

ارباب خودم، «سلامُ علیکم» !
ارباب خودم، سرِتو بالا کن!
ارباب خودم، لطفی به ما کن،
ارباب خودم، به من نگاه کن!
ارباب خودم، بزبز قندی،
ارباب خودم، چرا نمی خندی؟

Arbāb e xod am, "sāmmule baleykom" (Greetings, my lord)

Arbāb e xod am, sar et-o bālā kon (Raise your head, my lord)

Arbāb e xod am, lotf-i be mā kon (Do me a favor, my lord)

Arbāb e xod am, be man nigā kon (Look at me, my lord)

Arbāb e xod am, boz-boz e qandi (My lord, the billy goat)

Arbāb e xod am, čerā nemi-xandi? (Why don’t you smile, my lord?)^[5]