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45°30′00″N 73°32′38″W / 45.50000°N 73.54389°W / 45.50000; -73.54389

Habitat 67, or simply Habitat, is a housing complex at Cité du Havre, on the Saint Lawrence River, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, designed by Israeli-Canadian-American architect Moshe Safdie. It originated in his master's thesis at the School of Architecture at McGill University and then an amended version was built for Expo 67, a World's Fair held from April to October 1967. Its address is 2600 Avenue Pierre-Dupuy, next to the Marc-Drouin Quay. Habitat 67 is considered an architectural landmark and a recognized building in Montreal.^[1][2][3][4]

Safdie's design for Habitat 67 began as a thesis project for his architecture program at McGill University. It was "highly recognized" at the institution, though Safdie cites its failure to win the Pilkington Prize, an award for the best thesis at Canadian schools of architecture, as early evidence of its controversial nature.^[5] After leaving to work with Louis Kahn in Philadelphia, Safdie was approached by Sandy van Ginkel, his former thesis advisor, to develop the master plan for Expo 67, the world's fair that was set to take place in Montreal during 1967. Safdie decided to propose his thesis as one of the pavilions and began developing his plan.^[5] After the plans were approved in Ottawa by Mitchell Sharp, the federal cabinet minister responsible for the exhibition, and Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, Safdie was given the blessing of the Expo 67 Director of Installations, Edward Churchill, to leave the planning committee in order to work on the building project as an independent architect.^[5] The construction was done by Anglin-Norcross Ltd. of Montreal.^[6] Safdie was awarded the project in spite of his relative youth and inexperience, an opportunity he later described as "a fairy tale, an amazing fairy tale."^[5]

The original plans called for 1,200 homes at a cost of $45 million.^[7] However, Safdie could only secure funding for a much reduced construction. This smaller development (about CA$22.4 million)^[8][9] was financed by the federal government, but is now owned by its tenants, who formed a limited partnership that purchased the building from the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation in 1985.

Habitat 67 comprises 354 identical,^[9] prefabricated concrete forms (11.7 m × 5.3 m × 3 m [38 ft 5 in × 17 ft 5 in × 9 ft 10 in])^[9] arranged in various combinations, divided into three pyramids,^[10][9] reaching up to 12 residential storeys, with a parking level, and a building services level. Together these units created 146 residences of varying sizes and configurations, each formed from one to eight linked concrete units.^[11] The complex originally contained 158 apartments,^[12] reduced from the original vision of 1,200,^[7] but several apartments have since been joined to create larger units, reducing the total number. Each unit is connected to at least one private landscaped garden terrace,^[9] built on the roof of the level below,^[11][9] which can range from approximately 20 to 90 square metres (225 to 1,000 sq ft) in size.^[11][13] The apartments each had a moulded plastic bathroom and a modular kitchen.^[9]

The development was designed to integrate the benefits of suburban homes—namely gardens, fresh air, privacy, and multilevelled environments—with the economics and density of a modern urban apartment building.^[2] It was believed to illustrate the new lifestyle people would live in increasingly crowded cities around the world.^[14] Safdie's goal for the project to be affordable housing largely failed: demand for the building's units has made them more expensive than originally envisioned.^[2] In addition, the existing structure was originally meant to only be the first phase of a much larger complex, but the high per-unit cost of approximately $140,000 ($22,120,000 for all 158) prevented that possibility.^{[15][clarification needed]}

The structural engineer for the project was August Eduard Komendant, an Estonian-American structural engineer and a pioneer in the field of prestressed concrete.^[16]

The theme of Expo 67 was "Man and His World", taken from Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's memoir Terre des hommes (literally, 'world of man', though it was published under the title Wind, Sand and Stars).^[17] Housing was also one of the main themes of Expo 67. Habitat 67 then became a thematic pavilion visited by thousands of visitors who came from around the world, and during the expo also served as the temporary residence of the many dignitaries visiting Montreal.

In March 2012, Habitat 67 won an online Lego Architecture poll and is a candidate to be added to the list of famous buildings that inspire a special replica Lego set. Lego bricks were actually used in the initial planning for Habitat; according to Safdie's firm, "initial models of the project were built using Lego bricks and subsequent iterations were also built with Lego bricks".^[18]

Residents have private shuttle access to downtown Montreal, but access by foot is difficult.^[19] Guided tours are offered to the public.^[20]

In 2023, the extension of the 777 Casino bus route of the Société de transport de Montréal began serving Habitat 67, providing the complex with public transport access for the first time. ^[21]

In 2017, Canada Post issued a commemorative stamp for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 featuring the structure.^[22]

In 2017, from June 1 through August 13, Habitat '67 vers l'avenir / The Shape of Things to Come,^[23] an exhibition at Centre de Design, Université du Québec à Montréal, presented "archival images and objects from the project's origins with conceptual drawings, and models, bringing them together with plans for unbuilt iterations".^[23]

As a symbol^[24] of Expo 67, which was attended by over 50 million people during the six months it was open, Habitat 67 gained worldwide acclaim as a "fantastic experiment"^[25] and "architectural wonder".^[3] This experiment was and is regarded as both a success and failure—it "redefined urban living"^[26] and has since become "a very successful co-op",^[2] but at the same time ultimately failed to revolutionize affordable housing or launch a wave of prefabricated, modular development as Safdie had envisioned.^[2] Despite its problems, however, Habitat's fame and success "made [Safdie's] reputation"^[24] and helped launch his career; Safdie has now designed over 75 buildings and master plans around the world.^[26] Decades after Habitat, much of Safdie's work still holds to the concepts that were so fundamental to its design, especially the themes of reimagining high-density housing and improving social integration through architecture that have become "synonymous" with his work.^[27] However, The Guardian quoted^[28] The Walrus assessment of it as a "failed dream".^[25]

In 2023, Safdie Architects, in collaboration with Epic Games, modeled the entirety of the original (much larger) vision in Unreal Engine.^[7]

The music video for Leonard Cohen's song "In My Secret Life" was filmed at Habitat 67, as were scenes of the 1977 film The Disapperance.

It appears on the covers of the 2003 album Velocity : Design : Comfort by American electronic/experimental rock act Sweet Trip and the 2012 album The North by Canadian indie pop band Stars. It also appears on the album cover of Landslide's Drum & Bossa / Buddah, his debut single from 1999 that was released on Hospital Records.

Habitat 67 as seen from Montreal's port

• Architecture of Canada
• Brutalism
• Dyson Institute Village
• Metabolism (architecture)
• Structuralism (architecture)

• Safdie, Moshe. "Fallacies, Nostalgia and Reality", in Habitat (Ottawa: Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, July–August 1961).^[1]
• Safdie, Moshe. "A Case for City Living: A Three-Dimensional Modular Building System" in Habitat (Ottawa: Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, November–December 1961).^[1] (Safdie's architecture school thesis)
• Safdie, Moshe. "The Master Plan: Growth, Change, and Repetition" in Habitat (Ottawa: Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, May–June 1962).^[1]
• Safdie, Moshe (1965). "Habitat 67". Habitat. 8 (5, 6). Ottawa: Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation: 16.^[2]
• Safdie, Moshe (1 February 1967). "Habitat '67 – Towards the Development of a Building System". PCI Journal. 12 (1). Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute: 60–66. doi:10.15554/pcij.02011967.60.66. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
• Habitat 67 case study – timeline – Canadian Architecture Collection
• Habitat 67 – Ville de Montréal
• Ferguson, Ted (October 16, 1965). "Habitat 67 and its Big Bad Wolf". Maclean's. Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ...Mayor Paul O. Trépanier of Granby, Que., is...making a pretty fair bid to being remembered for years to come as the man who wrecked one of the boldest (or, as some would insist, most foolhardy) public projects ever attempted in Canada...Trépanier himself is an architect...with offices in Granby and Montreal and a dozen people on his professional payroll and eight hundred buildings to his credit – but a former president of the Quebec Architects' Association...
• Quig, James (August 19, 1967). "Home is a Concrete Box". Weekend Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022. rents during Expo range from $330 to $750...either of their bedrooms....after living with three-and-a-half bathrooms they find it difficult getting by with just one.....$470 rent a month
• Some Examples of Modular Construction Archived 2022-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
• Safdie, Moshe, "Habitat : A Post-mortem," RIBA Journal, November 1967, p. 493.^[3]
• Komendant, August, "Post-mortem on Habitat," Progressive Architecture, March 1968, pp. 138–147.^[4]
• Estonian Museum of Architecture (2022). Miracles in Concrete: Structural Engineer August Komendant. Switzerland: Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-0356-2513-4.
• Legault, Réjean (2021). "The Making of Habitat 67: A Tense Pas de Deux between Moshe Safdie and August Komendant" (PDF). Journal of the Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada. 46 (1): 30. doi:10.7202/1082359ar. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
• Inderbir Singh Riar. Expo 67, or the Architecture of Late Modernity – via: The Atlantic
• Conserving the Modern in Canada – Winnipeg Architecture Foundation
• Guerber, John Robert (2003). Gimme shelter: the I built house (MA thesis). Iowa State University. doi:10.31274/rtd-20200803-202.
• Charles, Julia Morgan (August 2015). Shaping Time in the City: A Cultural History of Concrete Modernity in Montreal, 1903–2015 (PhD thesis). Department of Art History and Communication Studies McGill University, Montreal.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Habitat 67.

• Habitat 67 Official website
• Moshe Safdie and Associates Official website
• Habitat 67 - Quebec Cultural Heritage Directory, Ministry of Culture and Communications (Quebec)
• Habitat 67 - The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada
• Habitat 67: 1967 and 2015-02-14
• Habitat 67, Montreal - Getty Images
• Habitat 67 - Great Buildings .com
• 40+ Images of Habitat 67 - Google Maps