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	Penelope at anchor
Class overview
Preceded by	HMS Bellerophon
Succeeded by	HMS Hercules
Completed	1
Scrapped	1
History
United Kingdom
Name	Penelope
Namesake	Penelope
Ordered	February 1865
Builder	Pembroke Dockyard
Cost	£196,789
Laid down	4 September 1865
Launched	18 June 1867
Completed	27 June 1868
Fate	Sold for scrap, 12 July 1912
General characteristics
Displacement	4,394 long tons (4,465 t)
Length	260 ft (79.2 m) (pp)
Beam	50 ft (15.2 m)
Draught	16 ft 9 in (5.1 m)
Installed power	4 boilers; 4,763 ihp (3,552 kW)
Propulsion	2 shafts; 2 horizontal-return connecting-rod steam engines
Sail plan	Ship-rigged
Speed	12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Range	1,370 nmi (2,540 km; 1,580 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement	350
Armament	8 × RML 8 in (203 mm) rifled muzzle-loading guns; 3 × RBL 5 in (127 mm) rifled breech-loading guns; 2 × RBL 20-pdr 3.75 in (95 mm) saluting guns;
Armour	Waterline belt: 6–5 in (152–127 mm); Box battery: 6 in (152 mm); Bulkheads: 4.5 in (114 mm);

HMS Penelope was a central-battery ironclad built for the Royal Navy in the late 1860s and was rated as an armoured corvette. She was designed for inshore work with a shallow draught, and this severely compromised her performance under sail. Completed in 1868, the ship spent the next year with the Channel Fleet before she was assigned to the First Reserve Squadron in 1869 and became the coast guard ship for Harwich until 1887. Penelope was mobilised as tensions with Russia rose during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and participated in the Bombardment of Alexandria during the Anglo-Egyptian War of 1882. The ship became a receiving ship in South Africa in 1888 and then a prison hulk in 1897. She was sold for scrap in 1912.

Design

The chief constructor, Sir Edward Reed, was ill, so the design of this ship was entrusted to his assistant and brother-in-law, Nathaniel Barnaby, himself a future chief constructor. For reasons that have not survived, the Admiralty required that Penelope to be a ship of unusually shallow draught, possibly in light of the operations in the shallow Baltic Sea during the Crimean War of 1854–1855.^[1]

The ship was 260 feet (79.2 m) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m). She had a draught of 15 feet 9 inches (4.8 m) forward and 17 feet 4 inches (5.3 m) aft. Penelope displaced 4,394 long tons (4,465 t) and had a tonnage of 3,096 tons burthen.^[2] She had a complement of 350 officers and ratings.^[3] She was the first British capital ship to be fitted with a washroom.^[4]

Penelope had a pair of Maudslay three-cylinder, horizontal-return, connecting-rod steam engines, each driving a single 14-foot (4.3 m) propeller. The engines used steam provided by four boilers with a working pressure of 30.5 psi (210 kPa; 2 kgf/cm²). The ship reached a speed of 12.76 knots (23.63 km/h; 14.68 mph) from 4,703 indicated horsepower (3,507 kW) during her sea trials on 1 July 1868.^[5] She carried a maximum of 500 tons of coal,^[6] enough to steam 1,360 nautical miles (2,520 km; 1,570 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).^[7]

The shallow-draught requirement forced Barnaby to build her with twin screws, as a single screw of larger diameter would have been mounted insufficiently deep to be effective. The Admiralty also wanted hoistable propellers as the reports from Pallas and Favorite, with their fixed propellers, were distinctly uncomplimentary about their sailing qualities. She was the only twin-screw ship ever to have hoisting screws.^[8] Provision for the hoisting frames and twin rudders forced a very unusual shape to the stern, which unintentionally greatly increased drag.^[9] The other issue was that the shallowness of her draught made her very unhandy under sail, and she was described as "drifting to leeward in a wind like a tea tray".^[10] Penelope was ship-rigged with three masts and a sail area of 18,250 square feet (1,695 m²). Her speed under sail alone was only 8.5 knots (15.7 km/h; 9.8 mph). Her shallow draught gave her a metacentric height of 2.7 feet (0.8 m) at deep load, which made her a very steady gun platform.^[11]

Penelope's main armament of eight rifled muzzle-loading (RML) 8-inch (203 mm) guns was concentrated amidships in a box battery. The guns at the corners of the battery were given additional gun ports, embrasured into the sides of the hull, to give her a limited amount of end-on fire.^[12] The shell of the 8-inch gun weighed 175 pounds (79.4 kg) and was rated with the ability to penetrate 9.6 inches (244 mm) of wrought-iron armour.^[13] The ship mounted three rifled breech-loading (RBL) 5-inch (127 mm) Armstrong guns as chase guns, one in the stern and two under the forecastle in the bow,^[12] although these were judged to be very ineffective weapons.^[10] She also carried a pair of RBL 20-pounder 3.75-inch (95 mm) Armstrong saluting guns.^[6]

The waterline wrought iron armour belt of Penelope covered her entire length. It was 6 inches (152 mm) thick amidships, backed by 10–11 inches (254–279 mm) of wood, and thinned to 5 inches towards the ends of the ship. It had a total height of 5 feet 6 inches (1.7 m), of which 4 feet (1.2 m) was below water and 1 foot 6 inches (0.5 m) above. The sides of the 68-foot-long (20.7 m) box battery were also 6 inches thick, and its ends were protected by 4.5-inch (114 mm) bulkheads. Between the battery and the belt was a 96-foot-long (29 m) strake of 6-inch armour, also closed off by 4.5-inch bulkheads.^[3]

Construction and career

Penelope, named after the wife of Odysseus,^[14] was the fifth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy.^[15] She was ordered in February 1865^[7] and was the first iron-hulled ship to be built at Pembroke Dockyard.^[16] The ship was laid down on 4 September and was launched by the wife of the new captain-superintendent of the dockyard, Captain Robert Hall, on 18 June 1867.^[17]

Penelope was completed at Devonport Dockyard on 27 June 1868 for the cost of £196,789^[7] and served in the Channel Fleet until June 1869. She was then guard ship at Harwich until 1882, which included summer cruises in company with the rest of the reserve fleet.^[10] On 7 January 1876, the German merchant ship Victoria ran into her at Harwich, causing minor damage.^[18] She was part of the Particular Service Squadron mobilised during the Russian war scare of June–August 1878.^[10] On 18 January 1881, she was driven from her moorings at Harwich and ran aground in the River Stour.^[19]

In 1882, she was at Gibraltar under command of Captain St George Caulfield D'Arcy-Irvine^[20] when the Anglo-Egyptian War began, and her shallow draught caused her to be sent to Egypt. Upon arrival in Alexandria, she assisted with the evacuation of European refugees for several days before the bombardment of the city began on 11 July. Penelope was the ship closest to the Egyptian forts and fired 231 rounds during the battle.^[21] The ship was only lightly damaged by Egyptian shells, with eight men wounded, one eight-inch gun damaged and one mainyard needing to be replaced. She became Rear-Admiral Anthony Hoskins's flagship when the British seized the Suez Canal to allow their troop transports to land at Ismailia.^[22]

On 11 March 1883, Penelope was run into by the steam collier Dunelm at Sheerness, sustaining minor damage.^[23] Penelope returned home after the war for a further five years' service at Harwich. She was paid off in 1887, refitted, and sent to Simonstown, South Africa, as a receiving ship the following year. In January 1897, Penelope was converted to a prison hulk and then sold for scrap on 12 July 1912 for the price of £1,650.^[10] The ship was broken up at Genoa, Italy, in 1914.^[7]

Footnotes

^ Parkes, p. 115
^ Ballard, p. 241
^ ^a ^b Roberts, p. 15
^ Lambert, p. 170
^ Ballard, pp. 246–247
^ ^a ^b Parkes, p. 114
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Winfield & Lyon, p. 250
^ Ballard, pp. 197–198
^ Brown, p. 29
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Parkes, p. 117
^ Parkes, pp. 114, 117
^ ^a ^b Ballard, p. 198
^ Roberts, p. 6
^ Silverstone, p. 256
^ Colledge, pp. 263–64
^ Phillips, p. 187
^ Phillips, pp. 187–88
^ "Shipping Intelligence". Daily News. No. 9270. London. 8 January 1876.
^ "Extraordinary Gale & Snowstorm". Essex Standard. Vol. 51, no. 2615. Colchester. 22 January 1881. p. 5.
^ Famous Fighters of the Fleet, Edward Fraser, 1904, p.310
^ Goodrich, Caspar F (Lt Cdr), Report of the British Naval and Military Operations In Egypt 1882, Navy Department, Washington, 1885, p.30
^ Ballard, p. 200
^ "Latest Shipping Intelligence". The Times. No. 30766. London. 13 March 1883. col E, p. 11.

References

Ballard, G. A., Admiral (1980). The Black Battlefleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-924-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Brown, David K. (1997). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. Barnsley, UK: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-022-1.
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
Lambert, Andrew (1987). Warrior: Restoring the World's First Ironclad. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-411-3.
Parkes, Oscar (1990) [1957]. British Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
Phillips, Lawrie; Lieutenant Commander (2014). Pembroke Dockyard and the Old Navy: A Bicentennial History. Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-5214-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Roberts, John (1979). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555.