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View from a ridge near Benton Ridge, Ohio, which demarks the edge of the former Great Black Swamp.

The ridge was formed at the southern shore of the ancient lake. In the distance, a completely flat expanse of agricultural land extends to the horizon. In the foreground a ditch used to drain the swamp is visible.^[1]^[2]

A map of the Great Black Swamp, indicating its extent before the nineteenth century.

The Great Black Swamp (also known simply as the Black Swamp) was a glacially fed wetland in northwest Ohio and northeast Indiana, United States, that existed from the end of the Wisconsin glaciation until the late 19th century. Comprising extensive swamps and marshes, with some higher, drier ground interspersed, it occupied what was formerly the southwestern part of proglacial Lake Maumee, a Holocene precursor to Lake Erie. The area was about 25 miles (40 km) wide (north to south) and 100 miles (160 km) long, covering an estimated 1,500 square miles (4,000 km²).^[3] Gradually drained and settled in the second half of the 19th century, it is now highly productive farmland. However, this development has been detrimental to the ecosystem as a result of agricultural runoff.^[4] This runoff, in turn, has contributed to frequent toxic algal blooms in Lake Erie.^[5]

The land once covered by the swamp lies primarily within the Maumee River and Portage River watersheds in northwest Ohio and northeast Indiana. The boundary was determined primarily by ancient sandy beach ridges formed on the shores of Lakes Maumee and Whittlesey, after glacial retreat several thousand years ago. It stretched roughly from Fort Wayne, Indiana, eastward to the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge near Port Clinton along the Lake Erie shore, and from (roughly) US 6 south to Findlay^[6] and North Star, Ohio in Darke County.^[7] Near its southern edge at the southwestern corner of present-day Auglaize County, wheeled transportation was impossible during most of the year, and local residents thought the rigors of travel to be unsuitable for anyone except adult men.^[8]

The vast swamp was a network of forests, wetlands, and grasslands. In the lowest, flattest areas, prone to permanent inundation, deciduous swamp forests predominated, characterized especially by species of ash, elm, cottonwood and sycamore. In slightly higher areas with some topographic relief and better drainage, beech, maples, basswood, tuliptree and other more mesic species were dominant. On elevated beach ridges and moraines with good to excessive drainage, more xeric species, especially oak and hickory, were dominant. The area contained non-forested wetlands, particularly marsh and wet prairies, with marshes being particularly extensive along the Lake Erie shoreline east of Toledo.

Draining the swamp

Although much of the area to the east, south, and north was settled in the early 19th century, the dense habitat and difficulty of travel through the swamp delayed its development by several decades. A corduroy road (from modern-day Fremont, Ohio, to Perrysburg, Ohio) was constructed through the Maumee Road Lands in 1825, and was overlaid with gravel in 1838. Travel in the wet season could still take days or even weeks. The impassibility of the swamp was an obstacle during the so-called Toledo War (1835–36); unable to traverse the swamp, the Michigan and Ohio militias never came to battle. Settlement of the region was also inhibited by endemic malaria. The disease was a chronic problem for residents of the region until the area was drained and former mosquito-breeding grounds were dried up.

In the 1850s, the states began an organized attempt to drain the swamp for agricultural use and ease of travel. Various projects were undertaken over a 40-year period. Bowling Green, Ohio resident James B. Hill expedited the draining of swampy areas with his Buckeye Traction Ditcher.^[9] Hill's ditching machine laid drainage tiles at a record pace. The area was largely drained and settled over the next three decades. The development of railroads and a local drainage tile industry are thought to have contributed greatly to drainage and settlement.^[10]

Restoration

During the second half of the 20th century, efforts were undertaken to preserve and restore portions of the swamp to its pre-settlement state (e.g. Limberlost Swamp)^[11] After the excessive spread of harmful algal blooms in nearby western Lake Erie returned in 2011 and every year since then, there has been renewed interest in restoring wetlands in the drained Black Swamp area.^[12] William J. Mitsch (2017)^[13] called for the restoration and creation of 150 sq mi (400 km²) of treatment wetlands in the former Black Swamp or 10% of the former wetland, as needed to significantly reduce phosphorus inflow by 40% from the polluted Maumee River to Lake Erie.

The Black Swamp Conservancy, founded in 1993, has also been involved in preserving former swamplands. They currently protect 17,600 acres (7,100 ha) spread throughout the Northwest Ohio region.^[14]

Metroparks Toledo is another regional leader in wetland restoration, most notably through the creation of Howard Marsh Metropark. This restored wetland converted nearly 1,000 acres (400 ha) of historical agricultural land into a prosperous wetland that now boasts over half of the bird species found throughout Ohio. Pearson Metropark is another example of both a historic, old growth wet forest, paired with sections of restored wetlands.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "The Great Black Swamp..." Welcome to Historic Perrysburg. Archived from the original on February 18, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Kaycee Hallett (April 14, 2011). "History of the Great Black Swamp". The Black Swamp Journal. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Mitsch, William J.; James G. Gosselink (2007). Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-471-69967-5.
^ Hallett, Kaycee (April 14, 2014). "History of the Black Swamp". The Black Swamp Journal. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^ Dybas, Cheryl (April 8, 2019). "Lake Erie's toxic algae blooms: Why is the water turning green?". National Science Foundation. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^ The Great Black Swamp Archived January 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Black Swamp Conservancy
^ Brown, Mary Ann. Ohio Historic Inventory Nomination: St. Louis Catholic Church. Ohio Historical Society, April 1977.
^ McMurray, William J., ed. History of Auglaize County Ohio. Vol. 1. Indianapolis: Historical Publishing Company, 1923, 335.
^ "US Patent 523790". July 31, 1894. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
^ Kaatz, 1955
^ Virginia B. Ball Center for Creative Inquiry. (n.d.). Limberlost Restoration. Our Land, Our Literature. https://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/landandlit/about_us/limberlost.html
^ "In Ohio, Learning the Importance of Wetlands and the Great Black Swamp".
^ Mitsch, William J. (2017). "Solving Lake Erie's harmful algal blooms by restoring the Great Black Swamp in Ohio". Ecological Engineering. 108: 406–413. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.08.040.
^ "Land We Protect". Black Swamp Conservancy. 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2019.

Bibliography

Sampson, H.C. (1930). "Succession in the swamp forest formation in northern Ohio". Ohio Journal of Science. 30: 340–357.
Kaatz, M.R. (1955). "The Black Swamp: A Study in Historical Geography". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 45 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1955.tb01481.x.