In India, a governor is the constitutional head of a state of India that has similar powers and functions at the state level as those of the president of India at the central level. A governor acts as the constitutional head and takes all their decisions based on the advice of chief minister and their council of ministers.[1]
Traditionally, governors are not appointed to lead the states where they reside, although this is not stipulated in the constitution.
Appointment
The President of India appoints the governor of each State.[9] The factors based on which the candidates are evaluated is not mentioned in the Constitution.[9]
A same person can be appointed as the governor of two or more States.[10]
Term of office
A governor shall stay appointed during the pleasure of the President.[11] This alternative assumption is that they are appointed after the 'council of ministers' advise the President for such appointment. Hence, it is the Central Government that appoints them.[12] They shall remain in office until the expiration of five years from the date on which they were appointed.[11] They shall continue to remain in office even after the expiration of 5 years, until a governor is appointed by the President.[11]
Powers and functions
The primary function of the governor is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law as incorporated in their oath of office under Article 159 of the Indian constitution in the administration of the state affairs.[13] All the governor's actions, recommendations and supervisory powers (Article 167c, Article 200, Article 213, Article 355, etc.) over the executive and legislative entities of a state shall be used to implement the provisions of the Constitution.
Unlike the President of India, the governor has no military or diplomatic powers. However, they possess legislative, executive and judicial powers that are similar to the powers of the President.[14]
A governor has different types of powers:
Executive powers related to administration, appointments and removals,
Judicial Powers related to grant of pardons, reprieves, etc. and consultations.
Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor. The governors of India have similar powers and functions of the state level as those of the president of India at central level.
Executive powers
The Constitution vests in the governor all the executive powers of the state government.[15]
The governor appoints the chief minister,[16] who enjoys the support of the majority in the State Legislative Assembly. The governor also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to them on the advice of the chief minister.[16]
The Council of Ministers remain in power during the 'pleasure' of the governor.[16] However, if the governor reports a constitutional breakdown in a State to the President, and that report confirms the statement that a State Government is not following the principles of the Constitution, the President can proclaim the emergency provisions in such State.[17] This will dismiss the council of ministers as such in that State.[18]
A state election commissioner is also appointed by the governor (though removed by the president).[21]
When requested by the Election Commission or Regional Commissioner, the governor or the President shall make available to them the required staff for their proper functioning.[22]
All executive actions in a State are carried on the governor's name.[23]
The governor of the state by virtue of their office is also the chancellor of most of the universities in the state.[24][25] The dignity and impartiality of the office of the chancellor puts the governor in a unique position with regard to protecting the autonomy of the universities and saving them from undue political interference. The governor as chancellor of universities also acts as president of the Senate. The governor has the power to direct inspection of every component of the universities and affiliated colleges, required due action on the result of inquiry. The chancellor appoints search committee for appointments of vice chancellor. The governor accords consent of warrant of degrees and withdraws degree or distinctions both at the recommendations of the Senate. The governor approves or disapproves statutes passed by the Senate and appoints teachers at the university based on the recommendation of the respective committees.[25]
The Governor can make rules regulating the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed as the secretarial staff of the Assembly or the Council after consultation with the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or the Chairman of the Legislative Council.[26] However, Governor can appoint such people if the State Legislature has not prescribed any laws regulating the above recruitment.[26]
A governor can nominate one member[27] of the Anglo-Indian community to their State's Legislative Assembly, if he/she is of the opinion that they are not represented properly in the Assembly.[28]
A governor has the power to nominate 1/6 of the total no. of members to the Legislative Council of a State having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of Literature, science, art, co-operative movement and social service.[29]
Legislative powers
The governor has the right to address and send message,[30] summon, prorogue and dissolve[31] the State Legislature. These powers are formal, and the governor's use of these powers must comply with the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the chief minister.[1]
He/She also has the power to either himself/herself or through other lay down the Annual Financial Statement before the Houses of the State Legislature[32] and make demands for grants and recommending Money Bills.[33]
The governor inaugurates (to dedicate) the state legislature by addressing it after the assembly elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year.
The governor's address on these occasions generally outlines new policies of the state government. A bill that the state legislature has passed, can become a law only after the governor gives assent. The governor can return a bill to the state legislature, if it is not a money bill, for reconsideration. However, if the state legislature sends it back to the governor for the second time, the Governor shall not withhold their assent therefrom.[34] This has rarely happened in the history of any of the states. Tamil Nadu, for example, resent its NEET Exemption Bill to its governor for the first and only time ever, in 2022, since the state's formation in 1950.[35]
The governor also has the power to reserve certain bills for the president.[36]
When the state legislature is not in session and the governor considers it necessary to have a law, then the governor can promulgate ordinances. These ordinances are submitted to the state legislature at its next session. They remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the state legislature is reconvened unless approved by it earlier.[1]
A Governor can disqualify a member of the State legislature when the election commission recommends that such member is no longer complying with provisions of Article 191.[37]
The governor can ask the advocate general to attend the proceedings of both houses of the state legislature and report to them any unlawful functioning if any.[19][38]
Judicial powers
The Governor has the power to grant pardons, respites, reprieves or remission of punishments or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which executive power of a State extends.[39]
He/She also has the power to appoint the judges of the district courts after consulting the High Court of that State.[41]
Discretionary powers
When no party gets a clear majority, the governor has discretion to choose a candidate for chief minister who will put together a majority coalition as soon as possible.
They submit reports on their own to the president or on the direction of the president regarding the affairs of the state.
They can withhold their assent to a bill and send it to the president for approval.
During emergency rule as per Article 353
, the governor can override the advice of the council of ministers if specifically permitted by the president.
Emergency powers
The governor has no role or powers in an emergency situation to meet with the external aggression or armed rebellion as the President[42] unless specifically permitted by the president under articles 160, 356 and 357.[43][17][44]
Emoluments/Payment
Governor & Lieutenant Governor's pay
Date established
Designation
Salary (per month)
1 February 2018
Governors
₹350,000 (equivalent to ₹470,000 or US$5,600 in 2023)
Lieutenant Governor's
₹225,000 (equivalent to ₹300,000 or US$3,600 in 2023)
Various emoluments, allowances and privileges available to a governor are determined by the Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Act, 1982.[46]
In addition to the monthly salary, the governor and their family is entitled to-
allowances for renewing furnishings and for maintenance of official residences,[53]
entertainment allowance, hospitality grant, household establishment expenses, office expenses, allowance for miscellaneous expenses, and tour expenses[54]
and such other expenses as approved from the President.[55]
Removal
A governor holds their office till five years, but it can be terminated earlier by two ways:
Dismissal by the president without assigning any reason,[56] at whose pleasure the governor holds office. This alternative assumption is that he/she can be removed if the 'council of ministers' advice the President for such dismissal. Hence, it is the Central Government that can remove him/her.[11] However, it is the duty of the president to dismiss a governor whose acts are upheld by courts as unconstitutional and malafide.[56]
The Constitution does not lay out any specific reasons for removal of a Governor from their office. However, this power may be used in events like bribery, treason, corruption or/and violation of the constitution.[57]
Legal immunity
Under Article 361 of the constitution, governor cannot be summoned for questioning except on their voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of their controversial deeds though the unconstitutional decisions taken by the governor would be declared invalid by the courts. The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the union government for the governor's role.
As clarified by the Supreme Court in the case 'Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs. Union of India & ANR, though governor cannot be prosecuted and imprisoned during their tenure, the governor can be prosecuted after stepping down from the post for the guilt committed during their term of governorship as declared earlier by the courts.[58]
Analysis of role in Government
While the President of India is "elected", the governor is "selected" by the incumbent central government.[59] That is why there have been many instances when governors appointed by a previous government are removed by an incoming government. The reasons are more political.
The supreme court has ruled that governors should be given security of term, but this is generally not adhered to.[59]
Political observers have described governorship as "plush old age homes" wherein the governor does not stay impartial and act against popular state leaders. In 1984, Congressman Ram Lal dismissed the N. T. Rama Rao government and allowed N. Bhaskara Rao as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh for 31 days.[60]
In January 2014, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) approached the Union Law Ministry under the UPA Government to record statements of West Bengal governor M. K. Narayanan and Goa Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo.[61] Their statements were considered vital as Narayanan was National Security Adviser and Wanchoo was Chief of Special Protection Group (SPG) at the time of signing of contract with AgustaWestland. Their views were also considered before Indian Government signed the contract with Agusta Westland. However, Union Law ministry stonewalled CBI probe by rejecting CBI's request to examine them claiming they had 'immunity'.[62]
UPA was defeated in the 2014 general election and with the incoming NDA Government's permission, West Bengal governor M. K. Narayanan became the first ever governor to be questioned by police in a criminal case. The CBI questioned M. K. Narayanan as a "witness" in ₹ 3600-crore 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal. The CBI said Goa governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo would be questioned in the same case.[63][64]Arunachal Pradesh governor who is also appointed by the ruling party at the center, has been sacked by the president after the Supreme Court has quashed his unconstitutional acts.[65]
Lt Governor of Delhi Najeeb Jung resigned taking moral responsibility for his unconstitutional role when Supreme Court observed that the elected local government is not an unconstitutional institution without any powers.[66]
^"Constitution of India - Art. 57 and 58"(PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt. of India. Legislative Department, Govt. of India. May 2022. p. 102. Archived(PDF) from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
^ ab"Art. 155 - Constitution of India"(PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt. of India. Legislative Dept, Govt. of India. May 2022. p. 101. Archived(PDF) from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
^"Article 200 - Assent to Bills"(PDF). Legislative Dept., Govt. of India. May 2022. p. 91. Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
