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Gliese 710
Observation data; Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000
Constellation	Serpens
Right ascension	18h 19m 50.8412s
Declination	−01° 56′ 19.005″
Apparent magnitude (V)	9.66 (9.65–9.69)
Characteristics
Spectral type	K7 Vk
U−B color index	+1.26
B−V color index	+1.37
Variable type	Suspected
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	−14.53±0.44 km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: −0.414±0.019 mas/yr ; Dec.: −0.108±0.017 mas/yr
Parallax (π)	52.3963 ± 0.0171 mas
Distance	62.25 ± 0.02 ly ; (19.085 ± 0.006 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)	8.20 (8.19–8.23)
Details
Mass	0.57 M☉
Radius	0.58 R☉
Luminosity (bolometric)	0.091 L☉
Luminosity (visual, LV)	0.045 L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.66 cgs
Temperature	4,143 K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	−0.11 dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)	6.42±0.78 km/s
Age	300 Myr
Other designations
	Gliese 710, BD–01°3474, HIP 89825, HD 168442, NSV 10635
Database references
SIMBAD	data
ARICNS	data

Gliese 710, or HIP 89825, is an orange 0.6 M_☉ star in the constellation Serpens Cauda. It is projected to pass near the Sun in about 1.29 million years at a predicted minimum distance of 0.051 parsecs—0.1663 light-years (10,520 astronomical units)^[5] (about 1.6 trillion km)—about 1/25th of the current distance to Proxima Centauri.^[10] Such a distance would make for a similar brightness to the brightest planets, optimally reaching an apparent visual magnitude of about −2.7. The star's proper motion will peak around one arcminute per year,^[11]^[12] a rate of apparent motion that would be noticeable over a human lifespan. This is a timeframe, based on data from Data Release 3 from the Gaia spacecraft, well within the parameters of current models which cover the next 15 million years.

Description

Gliese 710 currently is 62.3 light-years (19.1 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation Serpens and has a below naked-eye visual magnitude of 9.69. A stellar classification of K7 Vk means it is a small main-sequence star mostly generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at its core. (The suffix 'k' indicates that the spectrum shows absorption lines from interstellar matter.) Stellar mass is about 57% of the Sun's mass with an estimated 58% of the Sun's radius. It is suspected to be a variable star that may vary in magnitude from 9.65 to 9.69. As of 2020, no planets have been detected orbiting it.

Computing and details of the closest approach

In their 2010 work, Bobylev et al. suggested that Gliese 710 has an 86% chance of passing through the Oort cloud, assuming the Oort cloud to be a spheroid around the Sun with semiminor and semimajor axes of 80,000 and 100,000 AU, respectively. The distance of closest approach of Gliese 710 is generally difficult to compute precisely as it depends sensitively on its current position and velocity; Bobylev et al. estimated that Gliese 710 would pass within 0.311±0.167 parsecs (1.014±0.545 light-years) of the Sun.^[13] At the time, there was even a 1-in-10,000 chance of the star penetrating into the region (d < 1,000 AU) where the influence of the passing star on Kuiper belt objects would be significant.

Results from new calculations that include input data from Gaia DR3 indicate that the flyby of Gliese 710 to the Solar System will on average be closer at 0.051±0.003 pc (10,635±500 AU) in 1.29±0.04 Ma time, but with considerably less uncertainty.^[5] The effects of such an encounter on the orbit of the Pluto–Charon system (and therefore, on the classical trans-Neptunian belt) are negligible, but Gliese 710 will traverse the outer Oort cloud (inside 100,000 AU or 0.48 pc) and reach the outskirts of the inner Oort cloud (inward of 20,000 AU).

Gliese 710 has the potential to perturb the Oort cloud in the outer Solar System, exerting enough force to send showers of comets into the inner Solar System for millions of years, triggering visibility of about ten naked-eye comets per year,^[12] and possibly causing an impact event. According to Filip Berski and Piotr Dybczyński, this event will be "the strongest disrupting encounter in the future and history of the Solar System."^[14] Earlier dynamic models indicated that the net increase in cratering rate due to the passage of Gliese 710 would be no more than 5%.^[15] They had originally estimated that the closest approach would happen in 1.36 million years when the star will approach within 0.337±0.177 parsecs (1.100±0.577 light-years) of the Sun.^[16] Gaia DR2 later found the minimum perihelion distance to be 0.0676±0.0157 parsecs or 13,900 ± 3,200 AU, about 1.281 million years from now.^[17]

Table of parameters of predictions of Gliese 710 encounter with Sun

Source	Date	Encounter distance, pc	Encounter time, Myr
^[15]	1999	0.34 ± 0.18 pc (1.11 ± 0.59 ly)	1.36±0.04
^[13]	March 2010	0.311 ± 0.167 pc (1.01 ± 0.54 ly)	1.45±0.06
^[11]	November 2016	0.0648 ± 0.0303 pc (13,400 ± 6,200 AU)	1.35
^[10]	May 2018	0.052 ± 0.01 pc (10,700 ± 2,100 AU)	1.28±0.05
^[17]	May 2018	0.0676 ± 0.0157 pc (13,900 ± 3,200 AU)	1.281
^[5]	December 2020	0.051 ± 0.003 pc (10,520 ± 620 AU)	1.29±0.04
^[18]	June 2022	0.052 ± 0.002 pc (10,730 ± 410 AU)	1.29±0.02

In popular culture

In 2022, the final track on popular Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard's album Ice, Death, Planets, Lungs, Mushrooms and Lava was entitled Gliese 710.

Notes

^ From apparent magnitude and parallax: $\scriptstyle M_{V}=m_{V}+5+5\log _{10}\left({\frac {\mathrm {parallax\ in\ milliarcseconds} }{1000}}\right)$
^ Using the absolute visual magnitude of Gliese 710 $\scriptstyle M_{V_{\ast }}=8.20$ and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun $\scriptstyle M_{V_{\odot }}=4.83$ , the visual luminosity can be calculated by $\scriptstyle {\frac {L_{V_{\ast }}}{L_{V_{\odot }}}}=10^{0.4\left(M_{V_{\odot }}-M_{V_{\ast }}\right)}$