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Giovanni Amendola
Giovanni Amendola
	Amendola in 1923.
Minister of the Colonies
	In office; 26 February 1922 – 30 October 1922
Prime Minister	Luigi Facta
Preceded by	Giuseppe Girardini
Succeeded by	Luigi Federzoni
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
	In office; 1 December 1919 – 7 April 1926
Constituency	Salerno
Personal details
Born	15 April 1882; Naples, Italy
Died	7 April 1926 (aged 43); Cannes, France
Political party	Italian Socialist Party; (1897–1899); Italian Radical Party; (1900–1919); Democratic Liberal Party; (1919–1926)
Spouse(s)	Eva Kuhn (m. 1906⁠–⁠1926); his death
Children	Giorgio (1907–1980); Adelaide (1910–1980); Antonio (1916–1953); Pietro (1918–2007)
Alma mater	University of Florence
Profession	Journalist, philosopher

Giovanni Amendola (15 April 1882 – 7 April 1926) was an Italian journalist, professor, and politician. He is noted as an opponent of Italian fascism.^[1]

Biography

Early life and education

Amendola was born in Naples on 15 April 1882.^[2] He moved to Rome, where he obtained the middle school diploma. At fifteen he joined the socialist youth. The following year he was an apprentice to the newspaper of the Italian Radical Party "La Capitale." He graduated with a degree in philosophy, he collaborated with such publications as Leonardo of Giovanni Papini and La Voce of Giuseppe Prezzolini.^[3] After that, he obtained the chair of theoretical philosophy at the University of Pisa. Between 1912 and 1914 Amendola was the editor of the Bologna-based daily Il Resto del Carlino.^[2] He worked for Corriere della Sera from 1914 to 1920.^[2]

Political career

Attracted by politics, he was elected three times to the Italian Chamber of Deputies for Salerno. In the 1910s, Amendola supported the Italian liberal movement, but he was completely against the ideology of Giovanni Giolitti. During World War I, he adopted a position of democratic irredentism and, at the end of the war, was nominated minister by Prime Minister Francesco Saverio Nitti.

His critical positions while confronting the right-wing extremism cost him a series of attacks by hired Fascist hitmen. In 1924 Amendola refused to adhere to the "Listone Mussolini", and attempted to become Prime Minister, at the head of a liberal coalition which ran in the elections. He was defeated, but continued the democratic battle by writing columns for the Il Mondo, a new daily newspaper which he founded together with other intellectuals in 1922.^[2]

During the height of the Matteotti Crisis, Amendola published the Rossi Testimony in one of his newspapers, on 27 December 1924. The document directly implicated Prime Minister Mussolini in the murder of Giacomo Matteotti, the leader of the Socialist PSU party, on the 10 June 1924. In the same document, Amendola also declared that Mussolini was behind the reign of terror which led up to the April 6th, 1924 general elections.

Resented by Mussolini for his prominent activism, Amendola was, together with the Unitary Socialist Party deputy Giacomo Matteotti and the popular priest Don Giovanni Minzoni, one of the régime's earliest victims, as he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs in July, 1925.

Amendola formulated the notion of totalitarianism as total political power which is exercised by the state in 1923, describing Italian Fascism as a system which was fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships.^[4] The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile, Italy's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of fascism. He used the term totalitario to refer to the structure and goals of the new state which was to provide the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals."^[5]

Death

Amendola died on 7 April 1926 at Cannes, France, in agony from violence inflicted when he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs.^[2]

Personal life

Amendola married Eva Kuhn in 1906, and they remained together until Amendola's death in 1926. Together, they had four children: Giorgio Amendola (1907–1980), who became an important communist writer and politician, Adelaide (1910–1980), Antonio (1916–1953), and Pietro (1918–2007), who also became a journalist and politician.

In popular culture

In the Florestano Vancini's film The Assassination of Matteotti (1973), Amendola is played by Damiano Damiani.

References

^ Bosworth, R. J. B. (13 January 2023). Politics, Murder and Love in an Italian Family: The Amendolas in the Age of Totalitarianisms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-0092-8016-7. Retrieved 5 July 2023 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mark F. Gilbert; K. Robert Nilsson (2007). Historical Dictionary of Modern Italy (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-5381-0254-1.
^ Enrico Riccardo Orlando (2018). ""The Profound Beauty is Greatness": Itinerary in Giovanni Boine's Aesthetics". In Harald Hendrix; Philiep Bossier; Claudio Di Felice (eds.). The Idea of Beauty in Italian Literature and Language. Leiden: Brill. p. 208. doi:10.1163/9789004388956_013. ISBN 9789004388956.
^ Pipes, Richard (1995). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage Books, Random House. p. 243. ISBN 0394502426.
^ Payne, Stanley G. (1980). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. University of Washington Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780299080600.

Bibliography

Eva Kühn Amendola: Life with Giovanni Amendola, Parenti, Florence 1960
Giorgio Amendola: A choice of life, Rizzoli, Milan, 1976 ISBN 88-17-12610-1
Simona Colarizi: The Democrats in the Opposition: Giovanni Amendola and the National Union (1922-1926), Il Mulino, Bologna, 1973
Antonio Sarubbi: The World of Amendola and Cianca and the collapse of liberal institutions (1922-1926), Milan, 1998, ISBN 978-88-464-0514-2 (1986, 1998)
Elio d'Auria: Liberalism and democracy in the political experience of Giovanni Amendola, Southern Publishing Company, Salerno-Catanzaro, 1978
Elio d'Auria: Giovanni Amendola: Epistolario 1897-1926, 6 volumes, La Terza and La Caita, Rome-Bari, 1986-2011
Elio d'Auria (edited by): Giovanni Amendola and the Crisis of the Liberal State. Political Writings from the Libyan War to the Opposition to Fascism, Newton Compton Editori, Rome, 1974