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George Tupou II
George Tupou II
	Photograph of George Tupou II
King of Tonga
Reign	18 February 1893 – 5 April 1918
Coronation	17 July 1893, Nukuʻalofa
Predecessor	Siaosi Tupou I
Successor	Sālote Tupou III
Prime Ministers	Siosateki Veikune ; Sione Mateialona ; Tevita Tuʻivakano
Born	18 June 1874; Neiafu, Tonga
Died	5 April 1918 (aged 43); Tonga
Burial	Malaʻekula
Spouse	Lavinia Veiongo; ʻAnaseini Takipō
Issue	Ana Fakalelu Kihe Fana, Uaia, Sālote Mafile‘o Pilolevu; ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonelua; ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku
House	Tupou
Father	Tuʻi Pelehake Fatafehi Toutaitokotaha
Mother	ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku
Religion	Free Church of Tonga

George Tupou II (Tongan: Siaosi Tupou II; 18 June 1874 – 5 April 1918) was the King of Tonga from 18 February 1893 until his death.^[1] He was officially crowned at Nukuʻalofa, on 17 March 1893. He was also the 20th Tuʻi Kanokupolu.

Life

Siaosi (George) Tupou II was related to his predecessor and founder of the united Tongan Kingdom, King George Tupou I, Tāufaʻāhau Tupou I on both sides of his family. His father was Prince Tuʻi Pelehake Fatafehi Toutaitokotaha, who was also Prime Minister of Tonga in 1905. Fatafehi's mother Sālote Pilolevu was a daughter of Tāufaʻāhau Tupou I. Siaosi Tupou II's mother was Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku, a daughter of Tēvita ʻUnga who was a son of Tāufaʻāhau Tupou I.

Tupou II's reign was troubled by government corruption and inefficiency. The Tongan Parliament in 1900 was suspicious of Tupou II's governing and audited his accounts several times, finding discrepancies worth thousands of pounds. The expatriate community in Tonga called for its annexation to New Zealand.^[2]

Before he was married to Lavinia Veiongo, he had an intimate relationship with Margaret Cocker, which resulted in two children, Uaia and Ana Fakalelu Kihe Fana. These two children were kept a secret due to the implications of the King having relations with a commoner from England. Uaia continued to live in the palace while his sister Ana was entrusted into the care of a chieftain of Uiha Malupo (Takapautolo). He had a close relationship with his daughter Sālote.^{[citation needed]}

He shared his common love of writing songs and poems with his earlier Hawaiʻian colleague Kalakaua. He is also known for his support of constructing cement water tanks (vaisima) throughout Tonga to provide clean water to the people and improve public health.^{[citation needed]}

He ascended the throne at the age of 18, upon the death of his great-grandfather George Tupou I, at which time he was still a bachelor. In 1896, the chiefs of the country urged him to marry and produce an heir. After her^[whose?] death, the chiefs suggested a new wife, ʻOfa-ki-Vavaʻu, the daughter of Māʻatu from Niuatoputapu, who was related to the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua line. George, however, refused. In 1898, the King intended to marry Jane (Eugenie) von Treskow, the half-caste daughter of the German Vice-Consul Waldemar von Treskow, but Parliament registered its objection to this choice when it presented Tupou with its own nominations. Finally, on 1 June 1899, he took Lavinia Veiongo (1879–1902) as his wife. She was the daughter of Kupuavanua from Vavaʻu and Tōkanga from Niuafoʻou, thus obliging these islands to the throne. Kupuavanua was also, through his mother Lavinia Veiongo (1828–1907), a grandson of the last Tuʻi Tonga Laufilitonga, thus enabling him to claim rights to that line as well. Nevertheless, the marriage nearly started a civil war. For years, relations between the king and the rest of the country remained tense. In addition to his inept governance, this ongoing strain led in 1900 to Tonga's becoming a British protectorate.^[3]

Queen Lavinia died on 25 April 1902 from tuberculosis, leaving one child, Sālote (born 13 March 1900).^[4] She was considered unpopular as she was perceived as being born from the 'wrong' mother; so much so that it was not safe for her to go outside the palace garden.^[5]^: 1–16 When Siaosi married for the second time, on 11 November 1909, to the then 16-year-old ʻAnaseini Takipō Afuha'amango, a half-sister of the rejected ʻOfakivava'u, the chiefs were jubilant. It was customary in pre-modern Polynesia for a defeated chief either to be killed or to be exiled. As such, it was a fortunate excuse that Sālote had to go to school in Auckland and so she could be put on the December steamer to New Zealand.^{[citation needed]}

Queen Anaseini Takipō was the daughter of Tae Manusa and Tevita Ula Afuha'amango. Tae Manusa was the highest ranking woman in Tonga (after the death of the last Tamahā) as she had a direct bloodline to Tu'iHa'atakalaua and Tu'iKanokupolu, which made her daughters the perfect option for Tupou II to marry.^{[citation needed]}

Tae Manusa was the daughter of Penisimani Latuselu Kaho and his wife (also his first cousin) Ilaisa'ane Tupou'ahau (daughter of Maealiuaki Fatukimotulalo Tu'iHa'atakalaua). Penisimani Latuselu was also the son of Nunufa'ikea Tuita and Paluleleva Mulikiha'amea (sister of Maealiuaki and the Mehekitanga of Tupou'ahau). Both Nunufa'ikea and Paluleleva were great-grandchildren of King Ma'afu'o'Tu'itonga Tu'iKanokupolu, which made both Ofakivava'u and Takipō to be the most suitable brides for George Tupou II.^{[citation needed]}

Sālote would remain in exile for 5 years. Queen Takipō had still not brought forth a son. Her first daughter, ʻOnelua (born 20 March 1911), died of convulsions while only six months, on 19 August 1911;^{[citation needed]} her second daughter, ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku (born 26 July 1912), eventually died from tubercular peritonitis on 21 April 1933 aged 20.^[6] The hope the envying chiefs had had on an heir through Takipō was fading, and the hope for supporters of Sālote's rose. The need to find a politically acceptable husband for her became imperative, and he was found in the end in Tungī Mailefihi, a cousin of ʻOfa.^{[citation needed]}

Siaosi had also a few children from other women. Some of these descendants became prominent politicians in Fiji, such as Edward Cakobau. Other children became high-ranking chiefs in Tonga itself (Vīlai Tupou, father of Baron Vaea). His own government was ineffective with some ministers contemplated permitting British annexation of the country. The death of the king in April 1918 was soon followed by his wife Takipō (1 March 1893 – 26 November 1918) from the infamous Spanish flu epidemic raging in Tonga.^[7] Siaosi's daughter Sālote succeeded him and was proclaimed Queen Sālote Tupou III.^[8]

Honours

He was Grand Master of the Royal Orders of Tonga that he founded:

Tonga:
- Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of Pouono (KGCCP) (founded in 1893)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of King George Tupou I (founded ca. in 1876–1890)
- Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of the Crown of Tonga (founded in 1913)

Family tree

Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua line

Tuʻi Tonga line

Tuʻi Kanokupolu line

Kalolaine Fusimatalili

George Tupou I

Fīnau Kaunanga

Fifita Vavʻau

Tēvita ʻUnga

Sālote Mafile‘o Pilolevu

Filiaipulotu

Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku

Fatafehi Toutaitokotaha

Lavinia Veiongo

George Tupou II

ʻAnaseini Takipō

Viliami Tungī Mailefihi

Sālote Tupou III

Vīlai Tupou (illegitimate son)

Tupou Seini

Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV

Halaevalu Mataʻaho
ʻAhomeʻe

Siaosi 'Alipate Tupou, Baron Vaea

Tuputupu Ma'afu-'o-Tukuialahi

George Tupou V

Tupou VI

Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho

Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala

Sinaitakala Fakafanua

Taufaʻahau Manumataongo

Reference:

Fox, James J.; Sather, Clifford (1996). Origins, Ancestry and Alliance: Explorations in Austronesian Ethnography. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-7315-2432-7. OCLC 245762652.
Kaeppler, Adrienne Lois; D.C. (2008). The Pacific Arts of Polynesia and Micronesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-19-284238-1. OCLC 236158882.
Völkel, Svenja (2010). Social Structure, Space and Possession in Tongan Culture and Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-90-272-0283-3.
Wood-Ellem, Elizabeth (1999). Queen Sālote of Tonga: The Story of an Era 1900-1965. Auckland, N.Z: Auckland University Press. p. front. ISBN 978-0-8248-2529-4. OCLC 262293605.

References

^ "George Tupou II | king of Tonga | Britannica".
^ Campbell, I.C (2001). Island Kingdom: Tonga Ancient and Modern. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-908812-96-5.
^ "OUR PROTECTORATE OVER TONGA". Evening Post. 12 June 1900. p. 5. Retrieved 14 December 2022 – via Papers Past.
^ "DEATH OF THE QUEEN OF TONGA". Auckland Star. 1 May 1902. p. 5. Retrieved 14 December 2022 – via Papers Past.
^ Wood-Ellem, Elizabeth (1999). Queen Sālote of Tonga: The Story of an Era 1900–1965. Auckland, N.Z: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2529-4. OCLC 262293605.
^ "DEATH OF PRINCESS". New Zealand Herald. 24 April 1933. p. 10. Retrieved 14 December 2022 – via Papers Past.
^ "RAVAGES IN THE ISLANDS". Evening Post. 28 December 1918. p. 8. Retrieved 14 December 2022 – via Papers Past.
^ "DEATH OF KING OF TONGA". Dominion. 30 April 1918. p. 4. Retrieved 14 December 2022 – via Papers Past.

Sources

A.L. Kaeppler, M. Taumoefolau, N. Tukuʻaho, E. Wood-Ellem; Songs and poems of Queen Sālote; 2004; ISBN 978-982-213-008-9
Eseta Fulivai Fusitu'a; King George Tupou II and the Government of Tonga; Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts of the Australian National University; 1976;