George Douglas-Pennant, 2nd Baron Penrhyn

Lord Penrhyn
Lord Penrhyn illustrated in Punch (6 May 1903) by Edward Tennyson Reed

George Sholto Gordon Douglas-Pennant, 2nd Baron Penrhyn (born Douglas; 30 September 1836 – 10 March 1907) was a British peer and landowner who played a prominent part in the Welsh slate industry as the owner of the Penrhyn Quarry in North Wales. Penrhyn, an opponent of trade unions who engaged in frequent disputes with his employees, was called "the best hated employer in Britain".[1]

Early life and education

Penrhyn was born in 1836 at Linton Spring Hall, in Wetherby, Yorkshire. He was the elder son of Scottish father Edward Gordon Douglas (1800–1886), third son of The Hon. John Douglas, who was the second son of James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton. His mother, his father's first wife, was Juliana Isabella Mary Dawkins-Pennant (died 1842), who inherited considerable land in North Wales as the eldest daughter and co-heiress of George Hay Dawkins-Pennant of Penrhyn Castle. In 1841, his father assumed the additional surname of Pennant by royal licence. His father was raised to the peerage as Baron Penrhyn on 3 August 1866.[2]

George was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford.[2]

Career

A plan to enter the army was abandoned in deference to his father's wishes, but he was always interested in military affairs. He was commissioned on 1 March 1860 as captain-commandant of the 1st (Carnarvon) Carnarvonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, which was largely recruited from his family's Penrhyn Slate Quarry. A second unit was soon raised from Pennant employees and he was promoted to major in command of the 1st Administrative Battalion of Carnarvonshire Rifle Volunteers. He was later made Honorary Colonel of the 4th (Royal Carnarvon and Merioneth Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, a position that his father had also held.[3][2][4]

In 1866 he was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Caernarvonshire, and held the seat until he was defeated in 1868. Following this defeat his father sacked 80 quarrymen for failing to vote for him.[5] He was re-elected in 1874, but was defeated in 1880 by Watkin Williams, Q.C..[6]

He succeeded to the peerage on his father's death in 1886. After that he devoted most of his time and energy to the management of the 26,278 acres (106.34 km2) Penrhyn Estate, which had a rent-roll of £67,000, and the slate quarry at Bethesda which at its peak was estimated to produce £150,000 a year.[6]

In his later years his father had passed the management of the quarry to an elected committee of the men. In 1885 the quarry was on the verge of bankruptcy and George was entrusted with full power to reform the administration. One of his first actions was to repudiate the authority of the workmen's committee. Under fresh and strenuous management the quarry once again became busy and prosperous.

A strike began in 1897, and Lord Penrhyn closed the quarry. An angry debate took place in the House of Commons but Lord Penrhyn would abate none of his conditions, and the men capitulated.[6]

As an opponent of trade unionism, Lord Penrhyn refused to allow the intervention of outsiders in dealings with his men, and late in 1900 a second general strike began, known as the Great Strike; the quarry was again closed. It re-opened after a prolonged stoppage using 600 of the former workmen who broke the strike. Penrhyn refused to re-engage the ringleaders or to recognise any trade union officials. On 9 August 1901, Robert Thomas Jones, raised an urgent discussion on the conduct of the local magistrates in requisitioning cavalry for maintaining peace in the district, but Penrhyn's position was unaffected. On 13 March 1903, he brought an action for libel against William John Parry, in respect of an article in the Clarion, accusing him of cruelty to his workmen; he received £500 damages and costs. Penrhyn acted throughout in accordance with what he believed to be stern equity and from a wish to obtain justice for non-union men.[dubious – discuss] In 1907, he gave his workmen a bonus of 10 per cent, owing to bad weather which had interrupted work at the quarries.[6]

Fond of horse-racing and breeding, he was elected to the Jockey Club in 1887, but was not very fortunate on the turf. In 1898, however, he won the Goodwood Cup with King's Messenger, which also won the Great Metropolitan Handicap at Epsom in 1899 and 1900. In 1894 his horse Quaesitum won both the Chester Cup and the Queen's Vase. He was an excellent shot, but derived his chief enjoyment from fishing, in which he was exceptionally skilled. He was master of the Grafton hounds from 1882 to 1891.[6]

Lord Penrhyn was a deputy-lieutenant for Carnarvonshire and was a county councillor for the Llandegai division of the county.[6]

He died on 10 March 1907 aged 70 at his town residence, Mortimer House, Halkin Street, London SW1, and was buried near one of his country residences, Wicken, Stony Stratford.[6]

Memorial to George Douglas-Pennant, 2nd Baron Penrhyn, in the church of St Peter & St Paul, Exton, Rutland

Marriages and issue

Lord Penryhn was married twice and had 15 children. On 23 August 1860, he married Pamela Blanche Rushout (1839–1869), daughter of Sir Charles Rushout Rushout, 2nd Baronet, with whom he had one son and six daughters:[2][7]

His wife, Pamela, died of complications of childbirth on 5 February 1869, days after the birth of their youngest daughter, Violet.[8]

On 21 October 1875, he married Gertrude Jessy Glynne (16 September 1850 – 1940), daughter of the Rev. Henry Glynne and great-niece of the Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. With his second wife, he had two sons, who were both killed in action in the First World War; and six daughters:[2][7]

References

  1. ^ "Lord Penrhyn". Bradford Weekly Telegraph. 15 March 1907. p. 9. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. pp. 3097–3098. ISBN 0-9711966-2-1.
  3. ^ Army List, various dates.
  4. ^ Ray Westlake, Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84884-211-3, pp. 37–8.
  5. ^ Cregier, Don M. (1976). "Knickerbockers and Red Stockings, 1863-1884". Bounder from Wales: Lloyd George's Career before the First World War. Columbia & London: University of Missouri Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-8262-0203-9.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Sidney 1912.
  7. ^ a b Lodge, Edmund (1901). The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire as at Present Existing: Arranged and Printed from the Personal Communications of the Nobility. Hurst and Blackett Limited. pp. 557–558.
  8. ^ "Death of the Hon. Mrs. Douglas Pennant". Caernarvon & Denbigh Herald. 13 February 1869. p. 5. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
Attribution

Wikisource This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Sidney, Leicester Philip (1912). "Douglas-Pennant, George Sholto Gordon". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Caernarvonshire
1866–1868 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Caernarvonshire
1874–1880 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Baron Penrhyn
1886–1907 		Succeeded by