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Georg Henrik von Wright
Georg Henrik von Wright
	von Wright in 1972
Born	14 June 1916; Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland
Died	16 June 2003 (aged 87); Helsinki, Finland
Education	University of Helsinki; (1934–1937, 1939–1941;; PhD, 1941); University of Cambridge; (graduate student, 1939)
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Analytic philosophy
Institutions	University of Cambridge; University of Helsinki; Cornell University
Academic advisors	Eino Kaila
Doctoral students	Jaakko Hintikka
Main interests	Modal logic, philosophy of action, philosophy of language, Epistemology, philosophy of science
Notable ideas	Deontic logic; Myth of Progress

Georg Henrik von Wright (Swedish: [ˈjěːɔrj ˈhɛ̌nːrɪk fɔn ˈvrɪkːt];^[a] 14 June 1916 – 16 June 2003) was a Finnish philosopher.

Biography

G. H. von Wright^[3] was born in Helsinki on 14 June 1916 to Tor von Wright and his wife Ragni Elisabeth Alfthan.^[4]

On the retirement of Ludwig Wittgenstein as professor at the University of Cambridge in 1948, von Wright succeeded him.^[4] He published in English, Finnish, German, and Swedish, belonging to the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland. Von Wright was of both Finnish and 17th-century Scottish ancestry,^[5] and the family was raised to nobility in 1772.^[6]

Work

Von Wright's writings come under two broad categories. The first is analytic philosophy and philosophical logic in the Anglo-American vein. His 1951 texts An Essay in Modal Logic and "Deontic Logic" were landmarks in the postwar rise of formal modal logic and its deontic version. He was an authority on Wittgenstein, editing his later works. He was the leading figure in the Finnish philosophy of his time, specializing in philosophical logic, philosophical analysis, philosophy of action, philosophy of language, epistemology, and the close study of Charles Sanders Peirce.

The other vein in von Wright's writings is moralist and pessimist. During the last twenty years of his life, under the influence of Oswald Spengler, Jürgen Habermas and the Frankfurt School's reflections about modern rationality, he wrote prolifically. His best known article from this period is entitled "The Myth of Progress" (1993), and it questions whether our apparent material and technological progress can really be considered "progress" (see Myth of Progress).

Awards

In the last year of his life, he was awarded several honorary degrees, including one by the University of Bergen.^[7] He also was awarded the Swedish Academy Finland Prize in 1968.

Publications

The Logical Problem of Induction, PhD thesis, 31 May 1941^[8]
Den logiska empirismen (Logical Empiricism), in Swedish, 1945
Über Wahrscheinlichkeit (On Chance), in German, 1945
An Essay in Modal Logic, (Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: Volume V), L.E.J. Brouwer, E.W. Beth, and A. Heyting (eds.), Amsterdam: North-Holland,1951
A Treatise on Induction and Probability, 1951
"Deontic Logic" Mind, 60: 1–15, 1951
Tanke och förkunnelse (Thought and Preaching), in Swedish, 1955
Logical Studies, 1957
Logik, filosofi och språk (Logic, philosophy and language), in Swedish, 1957
The Varieties of Goodness, 1963. (revised version of the second half of his 1959–60 Gifford Lectures, given at the University of St. Andrews)^[9]^[10]

Norm and Action, 1963 (revised version of the first half of his Gifford lectures at St. Andrews).^[11]^[12]
The Logic of Preference, 1963
Essay om naturen, människan och den vetenskaplig-tekniska revolutionen (Essay on Nature, Man and the Scientific-Technological Revolution), in Swedish, 1963
An Essay in Deontic Logic, 1968
Time, Change and Contradiction, (The Twenty-Second Arthur Stanley Eddington Memorial Lecture Delivered at Cambridge University 1 November 1968) Cambridge University Press. 1969
Tieteen filosofian kaksi perinnettä (The Two Traditions of the Philosophy of Science), in Finnish, 1970
Explanation and Understanding, 1971
Causality and Determinism, 1974
Handlung, Norm und Intention (Action, Norm and Intention), in German, 1977
Humanismen som livshållning (Humanism as an approach to Life), in Swedish, 1978
Freedom and Determination, 1980
Wittgenstein, 1982
Philosophical Papers I–III, 1983–1984
- v. I Practical Reason, v. II Philosophical Logic, v. III Truth, Knowledge, and Modality
Of Human Freedom, 1985. (1984 Tanner Lectures at the University of Helsinki)
Filosofisia tutkielmia (Philosophical Dissertations), in Finnish, 1985
Vetenskapen och förnuftet (Science and Reason), in Swedish, 1986
Minervan Pöllö (The Owl of Minerva), in Finnish, 1991
Myten om framsteget (The Myth of Progress), in Swedish, 1993
The Tree of Knowledge and Other Essays, Leiden, Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004450554 , 1993
Att förstå sin samtid (To Understand one's own Time), in Swedish, 1994
Six Essays in Philosophical Logic. Acta Philosophica Fennica, Vol. 60, 1996
Viimeisistä ajoista: Ajatusleikki (On the End Times: A Thought Experiment.), in Finnish, 1997
Logiikka ja humanismi (Logic and Humanism), in Finnish, 1998
In the Shadow of Descartes: Essays in the Philosophy of Mind, Dordrech, Kluwer, doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9034-11998 1998
Mitt liv som jag minns det (My Life as I Remember it), in Swedish, 2001

Von Wright edited posthumous publications by Wittgenstein, which were published by Blackwell (unless otherwise stated):

1961. Notebooks 1914-1916.
1967. Zettel (Translated into English as Culture and Value).
1969. On Certainty.
1971. ProtoTractatus—An Early Version of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Cornell University Press.
1973. Letters to C. K. Ogden with Comments on the English Translation of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
1974. Letters to Russell, Keynes and Moore.
1978 (1956). Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics.
1980. Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, Vols 1–2.
1980. Culture and Value (English translation of Zettel).
1982. Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, Vols. 1–2, 1992.

Von Wright also edited extracts from the diary of David Pinsent, also published by Wiley-Blackwell:

1990. A Portrait of Wittgenstein as a Young Man: From the Diary of David Hume Pinsent 1912–1914. ISBN 0-631-17511-3.

For more complete publication details see "Bibliography of the Writings of Georg Henrik von Wright" (in Schilpp, 1989) and "The Georg Henrik von Wright-Bibliography" (2005).^[13]

Notes

^ His obituarist in The Times claims that von Wright "used to tell British friends that the anglophone pronunciation was correct, since the name derived from a Scotsman" i.e. as rhyming with "bright" not “tricked.”^[1] The Institute for the Languages of Finland does however promote the rendering of the von Wright surname as "fånvrikt".^[2]

References

^ "G. H. Von Wright". The Times. 20 June 2003. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
^ "Uttal av finlandssvenska efternamn". Institute for the Languages of Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved 14 March 2022.
^ An explanation of the von Wright name is given in "Georg Henrik von Wright: Intellectual Autobiography" (in: Schilpp, 1989): "Around the year 1650, the earliest known members of my family had to leave Scotland because, it is said, they had sided with King Charles against Cromwell. They settled in Narva in Estonia, which was then a province under Swedish rule. Georg(e) Wright there begat Henrik Wright, who fought in the armies of Charles XII and after a long and eventful life died in his home in Finland, another part of the old Swedish realm. Henrik Wright's son Georg Henrik was, together with his three other sons, raised to noble rank after the royal coup d'etat of 1772. This was how the odd combination of 'von' and 'Wright' originated."
^ ^a ^b Hacker, P. M. S. (4 July 2003). "Obituary: Georg Henrik von Wright". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
^ "Georg Wrightin jälkeläisiä" (PDF) (in Finnish). Suomen Sukututkimusseura. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Finlands ridderskaps och adels kalender 1992, p. 670, 672. Esbo 1991. ISBN 951-9417-26-5
^ "Nytt om navn". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 17 January 2002. p. 14.
^ Wright, Georg Henrik von. The logical problem of induction. Acta philosophica fennica, vol. 3. Societas Philosophica, Helsinki (Helsingfors) 1941. [second revised edition, 1957]
^ "Gifford Lecture Series – Books". 21 June 2008. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
^ Baier, Kurt (1965). "Review of The Varieties of Goodness". The Journal of Philosophy. 62 (1): 17–28. doi:10.2307/2023315. ISSN 0022-362X.
^ "Norm and Action". The Gifford Lectures. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
^ Pitcher, George (1965). "Review of Norm and Action: A Logical Enquiry". The Philosophical Review. 74 (4): 519–526. doi:10.2307/2183127. ISSN 0031-8108.
^ "The Georg Henrik von Wright-Bibliography" (PDF). Journal for General Philosophy of Science. 36 (1): 155–210. 2005. doi:10.1007/s10838-005-1182-1. ISSN 0925-4560. JSTOR 25171310. S2CID 189844182. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2016 – via JSTOR.