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Geophilus
	Geophilus sp.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Myriapoda
Class:	Chilopoda
Order:	Geophilomorpha
Family:	Geophilidae
Genus:	Geophilus; Leach, 1814

Geophilus is a large, heterogeneous genus of soil centipedes in the family Geophilidae^[1]^[2] largely considered to be synonymous with Brachygeophilus.^[3] The generic name first appeared in Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia in 1814 as Geophilus electricus.^[4] This genus has a Holarctic distribution.^[5]

Description

This genus is characterized by a claw-shaped ultimate pretarsus, complete or nearly complete coxo-pleural sutures at the prosternum, and incomplete chitin-lines.^[6] Centipedes in this genus feature slightly elongate heads and labral intermediate parts with tubercles, the forcipules are usually poorly elongate with a single small tubercle at the base of each tarsungulum, and the anterior trunk metasternites usually have an anterior medial socket and a posterior transversally elongate pore-field.^[5]

Centipedes in this genus range from about 1 cm to about 8 cm in length.^[5] Several species in this genus are notable for their small sizes, including G. minimus (measuring 9.5 mm in length),^[7] G. pinivagus (10 mm),^[7] G. richardi (10 mm),^[8] G. pusillus (11 mm),^[7] and G. piae (11 mm).^[9] Other species are notable for their large sizes, including G. procerus (measuring 72 mm in length)^[7] and G. piedus (75 mm).^[10]

Although centipedes in this genus can have as many as 89 pairs of legs (in G. caucasicus,^[11] with 57 to 89 leg pairs^[12]), most species in this genus have a much smaller number of legs.^[2] For example, two species in this genus include centipedes with only 29 leg pairs, the lowest number recorded in the family Geophilidae: G. persephones (29 in the only specimen, a male) and G. richardi (29 or 31 in males and 33 in females).^[13] Several other species in this genus are known from specimens with notably few leg pairs in each sex, including G. ribauti (as few as 31 in males and 33 in females),^[14] G. hadesi (33 in both sexes),^[8] G. piae (as few as 35 in males and 37 in females),^[15] G. bipartitus (35 in males and 39 in females),^[16] and G. oligopus (37 or 39 in both sexes).^[17]

Species

This genus is the largest in the family Geophilidae, with about 140 species:^[5]^[1]^[3]

Geophilus admarinus Chamberlin, 1952
Geophilus aenariensis Verhoeff, 1942
Geophilus aetnensis Verhoeff, 1928
Geophilus alaskanus Cook, 1904
Geophilus algarum Brölemann, 1909
Geophilus alzonis Attems, 1952
Geophilus ampyx Crabill, 1954
Geophilus angustatus Eschscholtz, 1823
Geophilus anonyx Chamberlin, 1941
Geophilus arenarius Meinert, 1870
Geophilus atopodon Chamberlin, 1903
Geophilus aztecus Humbert and Saussure, 1869
Geophilus becki Chamberlin, 1951
Geophilus bipartitus Takakuwa, 1937
Geophilus bluncki Verhoeff, 1928
Geophilus bobolianus Verhoeff, 1928
Geophilus bosniensis Verhoeff, 1895
Geophilus brevicornis Wood, 1862
Geophilus brunneus McNeill, 1887
Geophilus carpophagus Leach, 1814
Geophilus caucasicus Sseliwanoff, 1884
Geophilus cayugae Chamberlin, 1904
Geophilus chalandei Brölemann, 1909
Geophilus challangeri Pocock, 1891
Geophilus claremontus Chamberlin, 1909
Geophilus compactus Attems, 1934
Geophilus crenulatus Silvestri, 1936
Geophilus delotus Chamberlin, 1941
Geophilus dentatus Takakuwa, 1936
Geophilus duponti Silvestri, 1897
Geophilus easoni Arthur et al. 2001
Geophilus elazigus Chamberlin, 1952
Geophilus electricus Linne,1758
Geophilus embius Chamberlin, 1912
Geophilus erzurumensis Chamberlin, 1952
Geophilus eudontus Chamberlin, 1952
Geophilus flavus De Geer, 1778
Geophilus fossularum Verhoeff, 1943
Geophilus fossuliferus Karsch, 1884
Geophilus foveatus McNeill, 1887
Geophilus frigidanus Verhoeff, 1928
Geophilus fruitanus Chamberlin, 1928
Geophilus fucorum Brölemann, 1900
Geophilus gavoyi Chalande, 1910
Geophilus geronimo Chamberlin, 1912
Geophilus gigas Attems, 1951
Geophilus glaber Bollman, 1887
Geophilus glyptus Chamberlin, 1902
Geophilus gracilis Meinert, 1870
Geophilus guanophilus Verhoeff, 1939
Geophilus hadesi Stoev et al. 2015
Geophilus honozus Chamberlin, 1952
Geophilus ibericus Attems, 1952
Geophilus impressus C.L. Koch, 1847
Geophilus indianae McNeill, 1887
Geophilus infossulatus Attems, 1901
Geophilus intermissus Silvestri, 1935
Geophilus joyeuxi Léger and Duboscq, 1903
Geophilus judaicus Verhoeff, 1934
Geophilus kobelti Attems, 1903
Geophilus koreanus Takakuwa, 1936
Geophilus labrofissus Verhoeff, 1938
Geophilus lanius Brölemann, 1896
Geophilus leionyx Chamberlin, 1938
Geophilus lemuricus Verhoeff, 1939
Geophilus longicapillatus Verhoeff, 1937
Geophilus madeirae Latzel, 1895
Geophilus marginatus Lucas, 1849
Geophilus minimus Verhoeff, 1928
Geophilus monoporus Takakuwa, 1934
Geophilus mordax Meinert, 1886
Geophilus multiporus Miyosi, 1955
Geophilus mustiquensis Pocock, 1893
Geophilus nanus Attems, 1952
Geophilus nasintus Chamberlin, 1909
Geophilus naxius Verhoeff, 1901
Geophilus nealotus Chamberlin, 1902
Geophilus nesiotes Attems, 1903
Geophilus nicolanus Chamberlin, 1940
Geophilus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1758
Geophilus okolonae Bollman, 1888
Geophilus oligopus Attems, 1895
Geophilus orae Verhoeff, 1943
Geophilus oregonus Chamberlin, 1941
Geophilus orientalis Seliwanoff, 1881
Geophilus orientis Chamberlin, 1952
Geophilus osquidatum Brölemann, 1909
Geophilus oweni Brölemann, 1887
Geophilus parki Auerbach, 1954
Geophilus pauciporus Machado, 1952
Geophilus pellekanus Attems, 1903
Geophilus persephones Foddai & Minelli, 1999
Geophilus phanus Chamberlin, 1943
Geophilus piae Minelli, 1983
Geophilus piedus Chamberlin, 1930
Geophilus pinivagus Verhoeff, 1928
Geophilus polyporus Takakuwa, 1942
Geophilus procerus C. L. Koch, 1878
Geophilus promontorii Verhoeff, 1928
Geophilus proximus C.L.Koch, 1847
Geophilus punicus Silvestri, 1896
Geophilus pusillifrater Verhoeff, 1898
Geophilus pusillus Meinert, 1870
Geophilus pygmaeus Latzel, 1880
Geophilus pyrenaicus Chalande, 1909
Geophilus readae Jones, 2001
Geophilus regnans Chamberlin, 1904
Geophilus rex Chamberlin, 1912
Geophilus rhomboideus Takakuwa, 1937
Geophilus ribauti Brölemann, 1908
Geophilus richardi Brölemann, 1904
Geophilus ridleyi Pocock, 1890
Geophilus rouncei Jones, 2001
Geophilus secundus Chamberlin, 1912
Geophilus serbicus Stojanović, Mitić, Antić, 2019
Geophilus setiger Bollman, 1887
Geophilus seurati Brölemann, 1924
Geophilus shoshoneus Chamberlin, 1925
Geophilus sibiricus Stuxberg, 1876
Geophilus silesiacus Haase, 1881
Geophilus simoporus Chamberlin, 1952
Geophilus smithi Bollman, 1889
Geophilus sounkyoensis Takakuwa, 1937
Geophilus strictus Latzel, 1880
Geophilus strigosus McNeill, 1887
Geophilus studeri Rothenbühler, 1899
Geophilus tampophor Chamberlin, 1953
Geophilus tenellus L. Koch, 1882
Geophilus tenuiculus C. L. Koch, 1878
Geophilus terranovae Palmén, 1954
Geophilus transitus Chamberlin, 1941
Geophilus trichopus Muralewicz, 1926
Geophilus truncorum Bergsøe and Meinert, 1866
Geophilus ungviculatus Daday, 1889
Geophilus varians McNeill, 1887
Geophilus venezuelae Silvestri, 1897
Geophilus vinciguerrae Silvestri, 1895
Geophilus virginiensis Bollman, 1889
Geophilus vittatus Raffinesque, 1820
Geophilus winnetui Attems, 1947
Geophilus yavapainus Chamberlin, 1941

References

^ ^a ^b "Geophilus Leach, 1814". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b Bonato, Lucio; Zapparoli, Marzio; Drago, Leandro; Minelli, Alessandro (2016). "An unusually elongate endogeic centipede from Sardinia (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (231): 1–19. doi:10.5852/EJT.2016.231. hdl:11577/3189380. S2CID 58911978.
^ ^a ^b "Geophilus Leach, 1814". ChiloBase 2.0. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
^ Brewster, David (1814). "Crustaceology". Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. 7 (2): 409. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.30911. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443 [414]. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Crabill, Ralph E. (1954). "A conspectus of the northeastern North American species of Geophilus (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Geophilidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 56: 172–188 [174]. Retrieved 24 October 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Attems, Carl (1929). Attems, Karl (ed.). Lfg. 52 Myriapoda, 1: Geophilomorpha (in German). De Gruyter. pp. 200, 325, 355. doi:10.1515/9783111430638. ISBN 978-3-11-143063-8.
^ ^a ^b Stoev, Pavel; Akkari, Nesrine; Komericki, Ana; Edgecombe, Gregory; Bonato, Lucio (2015-06-30). "At the end of the rope: Geophilus hadesi sp. n. – the world's deepest cave-dwelling centipede (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae)". ZooKeys (510): 95–114. doi:10.3897/zookeys.510.9614. PMC 4523767. PMID 26257537.
^ Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro; Drago, Leandro; Pereira, Luis Alberto (2015-09-25). "The phylogenetic position of Dinogeophilus and a new evolutionary framework for the smallest epimorphic centipedes (Chilopoda: Epimorpha)". Contributions to Zoology. 84 (3): 237–253 [249]. doi:10.1163/18759866-08403004. hdl:11577/3146565. ISSN 1875-9866.
^ Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1930). "On some centipeds and millipeds from Utah and Arizona". Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 6 (3): 111-121 [114] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
^ Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "Geophilus caucasicus Sseliwanoff, 1884". ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 2024-01-20.
^ Bonato, Lucio; Iorio, Étienne; Minelli, Alessandro (2011). "The centipede genus Clinopodes C. L. Koch, 1847 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae): reassessment of species diversity and distribution, with a new species from the Maritime Alps (France)" (PDF). Zoosystema. 33 (2): 175–205 [184]. doi:10.5252/z2011n2a3. ISSN 1280-9551.
^ Pereira, Luis Alberto (2013-01-01). "Discovery of a second geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order Geophilomorpha". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 53 (13): 163–185. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001. hdl:11336/3449.
^ Iorio, Etienne; Labroche, Aurélien (2015). "Les chilopodes (Chilopoda) de la moitié nord de la France: toutes les bases pour débuter l'étude de ce groupe et identifier facilement les espèces" (PDF). Invertébrés Armoricains (in French). 13: 1–108 [65].
^ Minelli, Alessandro (1982). "On Sardinian centipedes (Chilopoda)". Bolletino di Zoologia. 49 (1–2): 1–16. doi:10.1080/11250008209439365.
^ Takakuwa, Yosioki (1937). "The Geophilus-species of Japan". Zoological Magazine, Tokyo (in Japanese). 49 (8): 282–286. Retrieved 1 February 2022 – via NDL Digital Collections.
^ Stojanović, Dalibor Z.; Mitić, Bojan M.; Gedged, Amna M.; Antić, Dragan Ž; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2019-08-23). "Geophilus serbicus sp. nov., a new species from the Balkan Peninsula (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae)". Zootaxa. 4658 (3): 556–570 [561]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.7. ISSN 1175-5334.

[ITIS-1] "Geophilus Leach, 1814". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

[:1-2] Bonato, Lucio; Zapparoli, Marzio; Drago, Leandro; Minelli, Alessandro (2016). "An unusually elongate endogeic centipede from Sardinia (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (231): 1–19. doi:10.5852/EJT.2016.231. hdl:11577/3189380. S2CID 58911978.

[ChiloBase-3] "Geophilus Leach, 1814". ChiloBase 2.0. Retrieved 1 February 2022.

[4] Brewster, David (1814). "Crustaceology". Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. 7 (2): 409. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.30911. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

[:12-5] Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443 [414]. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[6] Crabill, Ralph E. (1954). "A conspectus of the northeastern North American species of Geophilus (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Geophilidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 56: 172–188 [174]. Retrieved 24 October 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

[:2-7] Attems, Carl (1929). Attems, Karl (ed.). Lfg. 52 Myriapoda, 1: Geophilomorpha (in German). De Gruyter. pp. 200, 325, 355. doi:10.1515/9783111430638. ISBN 978-3-11-143063-8.

[:3-8] Stoev, Pavel; Akkari, Nesrine; Komericki, Ana; Edgecombe, Gregory; Bonato, Lucio (2015-06-30). "At the end of the rope: Geophilus hadesi sp. n. – the world's deepest cave-dwelling centipede (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae)". ZooKeys (510): 95–114. doi:10.3897/zookeys.510.9614. PMC 4523767. PMID 26257537.

[9] Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro; Drago, Leandro; Pereira, Luis Alberto (2015-09-25). "The phylogenetic position of Dinogeophilus and a new evolutionary framework for the smallest epimorphic centipedes (Chilopoda: Epimorpha)". Contributions to Zoology. 84 (3): 237–253 [249]. doi:10.1163/18759866-08403004. hdl:11577/3146565. ISSN 1875-9866.

[10] Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1930). "On some centipeds and millipeds from Utah and Arizona". Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 6 (3): 111-121 [114] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

[11] Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "Geophilus caucasicus Sseliwanoff, 1884". ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 2024-01-20.

[12] Bonato, Lucio; Iorio, Étienne; Minelli, Alessandro (2011). "The centipede genus Clinopodes C. L. Koch, 1847 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae): reassessment of species diversity and distribution, with a new species from the Maritime Alps (France)" (PDF). Zoosystema. 33 (2): 175–205 [184]. doi:10.5252/z2011n2a3. ISSN 1280-9551.

[:0-13] Pereira, Luis Alberto (2013-01-01). "Discovery of a second geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order Geophilomorpha". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 53 (13): 163–185. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001. hdl:11336/3449.

[14] Iorio, Etienne; Labroche, Aurélien (2015). "Les chilopodes (Chilopoda) de la moitié nord de la France: toutes les bases pour débuter l'étude de ce groupe et identifier facilement les espèces" (PDF). Invertébrés Armoricains (in French). 13: 1–108 [65].

[15] Minelli, Alessandro (1982). "On Sardinian centipedes (Chilopoda)". Bolletino di Zoologia. 49 (1–2): 1–16. doi:10.1080/11250008209439365.

[16] Takakuwa, Yosioki (1937). "The Geophilus-species of Japan". Zoological Magazine, Tokyo (in Japanese). 49 (8): 282–286. Retrieved 1 February 2022 – via NDL Digital Collections.

[17] Stojanović, Dalibor Z.; Mitić, Bojan M.; Gedged, Amna M.; Antić, Dragan Ž; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2019-08-23). "Geophilus serbicus sp. nov., a new species from the Balkan Peninsula (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae)". Zootaxa. 4658 (3): 556–570 [561]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.7. ISSN 1175-5334.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Geophilus

Description

Species

References

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