Genova Giovanni Thaon di Revel

Genova Giovanni Thaon di Revel
Minister of War
In office
10 April 1867 – 27 October 1867
Preceded byEfisio Cugia
Succeeded byEttore Bertolè-Viale
Senator
In office
14 January 1880 – 3 September 1910
Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy
In office
4 March 1866 – 20 September 1874
Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Sardinia
In office
15 November 1857 – 10 May 1860

Count Genova Giovanni Battista Thaon di Revel (Genoa, 21 November 1817 – Como, 3 September 1910) was an Italian nobleman, soldier, politician, diplomat and historian. He took part in the Risorgimento campaigns and the Crimean War. He carried out several diplomatic missions for the Sardinian government. He was also minister of war and a senator of the Kingdom of Italy.[1]

Biography

Genova Thaon di Revel was the twelfth son of the Piedmontese noble it: Ignazio Thaon di Revel and Sabina Spitalieri of Cessole.[2] Coming from a solidly wealthy family with a large and important network of relationships, he was well integrated into Turin's high society.[3] One of his brothers, Adriano, was minister plenipotentiary in London and Vienna,[4] while another, Ottavio, was minister of finance of the Kingdom of Sardinia.[5]

Training

Thaon attended the it: Accademia Reale di Torino. At the age of seventeen he was made second lieutenant in the Royal Sardinian Army and was promoted to lieutenant in 1837.[2]

He was among the founding members of the Società del Whist of Turin (founded in 1841 by Count Camillo Benso di Cavour), which became an important meeting place for Piedmontese high society. He undertook numerous trips to Europe (in 1842, he visited Scotland and Ireland) and in 1844 he was in London, guest of his second cousin Emanuele d'Azeglio.[6] In the same year, due to military commitments, he was sent to Chambéry, where he was in command of an artillery battery for several months, and, during his stay, he accompanied Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa visiting the region of his ancestors.[7]: 115 

First War of Independence

In July 1847 Thaon made his debut in the diplomatic field: he had the task of learning the intentions of the Papal States after the occupation of Ferrara by Austrian troops. He himself defined it as "a curious mission",[8] which allowed him to come into contact with moderate circles in Rome, committed to creating a new national political structure and aiming to remove Austria from Italy.[9]: 5–6 

Once the First Italian War of Independence broke out, on 31 March 1848 he was appointed captain of artillery in the 4th division. On the night between 12 and 13 April he received the order from Major Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora to deploy the artillery to bombard the fortress of Peschiera del Garda.[9]: 17  The operation placed him alongside La Marmora, with whom he remained linked by sincere friendship throughout his life. He later took part (6 May 1848) in the battle of Santa Lucia, just outside Verona, with the division of the Duke of Savoy, after which he was assigned to command the 9th battery (1 June 1848) at Venaria Reale.[9]: 19  He took part in the battle of Custoza, where he received his first recognition for valor. After these episodes, Thaon followed the retreat of the reserve division to Codogno. When (4 August) Carlo Alberto decided to bring the army to Milan and place it outside the walls, Thaon was stationed at Porta Vigentina, where he countered the assaults of the Austrian forces with his own battery.[9]: 40–41  He later participated in the Battle of Novara, in which he distinguished himself and was decorated with the silver medal for military valour.[10][9]: 50 

Military attaché in Vienna

After peace was agreed with Austria, Alfonso La Marmora, appointed Minister of War, sent four of the best officers from the Artillery Corps as military attachés to Berlin and Vienna – Giuseppe Govone, Agostino Petitti Bagliani di Roreto, Paolo di Sanrobert and Thaon di Revel. Genova moved to Vienna, where he joined his brother Adriano, serving as plenipotentiary minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia.[11][12][13]

His secret task was to study the organization of the Austrian army and carefully examine the political and military situation. This three-year mission took him to Hungary and Berlin as well as Vienna. His mission ended in April 1853, due to the crisis between the Sardinia and Austria following the failed Mazzinian uprising in Milan.[9]: 58–61 

The Crimean War and Sardinian parliament

On 11 April 1855, Thaon was sent, with the artillery officer Vittorio Asinari di San Marzano, to Crimea as military commissioners in the headquarters of Sardinia’s English and French allies. Thaon went to the English headquarters under the command of General Lord Raglan.[14] When the war council of the allies decided on an attack (18 June 1855) against the fortifications of Sevastopol, Thaon took part and later received the appointment as major on 27 June 1856.[2][9]: 129 

Following the death of San Marzano from cholera, Thaon was also responsible for liaising with the French command, but in mid-July he too fell seriously ill and was sent to Constantinople for initial treatment, before returning to Piedmont.[9]: 140, 161  During the voyage he became ill again, perhaps from typhus. Upon his return he was assigned to command the 9th battery in Venaria Reale.[9]: 170 

He stood for election to the Subalpine Parliament for the first time in November 1857 in the Gassino constituency. He was elected deputy in the VI legislature and joined the benches on the constitutional right led by his brother Ottavio.[14] He was re-elected to the VII legislature, serving until 1860 when he resigned following his promotion to colonel.[2]

Second War of Independence

When the Second Italian War of Independence broke out, at the beginning of May 1858 Thaon di Revel was assigned to the 5th division in Valenza, under the command of Domenico Cucchiari, and then moved to the 3rd division, commanded by General Giovanni Durando.[7]: 6, 19 

Revel assumed command of the artillery brigade consisting of the 4th, 5th and 6th batteries. On May 22 he received orders to execute a diversionary maneuver in conjunction with the 2nd and 5th divisions; feigning an attempt to cross the Sesia river near Palestro. The objective was to keep the Austrian forces located on the left bank of the river engaged and support the advance of the 4th division. Lacking the equipment to build bridges, Thaon had the battery's carriages run along the riverbank to distract the Austrians. This action caused serious losses for his division but earned him "honorable mention for having distinguished himself in the action at the port of Palestro and on the Sesia and for the skill and coolness with which he directed the artillery under his orders".[7]: 16–17  Shortly afterwards he took part in the decisive battle of Solferino, during which he suffered a bruised leg and received the Officer's Cross of the Military Order of Savoy for his ability to direct the artillery action during combat.[10][15]

Soon afterwards, in Milan, Thaon met his future wife, Camilla Albani, Countess of Castelbarco.[16][17] He obtained promotion to lieutenant colonel and in October 1859 he was appointed commander of the artillery brigade in Milan.[7]: 87 

Having left the Sardinian parliament in May 1860 following his promotion to colonel, he took part in the expedition to the Marche and directed the artillery operations in the siege of Ancona. On 12 December of that year he was appointed Director General for war affairs in the Neapolitan Provinces and, in 1861, he was promoted to major general of the newly established Royal Italian Army.[10] Until 1862 he commanded a grenadier brigade in Terni.[18]

In the Italian parliament

Thaon di Revel arrives in Venice, 1866

In 1865 he was elected deputy to the parliament of the Kingdom of Italy for the constituency of Chivasso and remained there for three legislatures, until 1874.[2][19]

He took part in the Third Italian War of Independence in June 1866 and, as the king's commissioner, was an important organizer and mediator during the Veneto plebiscite which sanctioned the passage of that region to the Kingdom of Italy. In recognition, he was promoted to lieutenant general on 19 October 1866.[20] [21]

Minister of War and Senator

Thaon di Revel was briefly war minister of in the second Rattazzi government in 1867.[22][23] As minister Thaon sought to introduce army reforms that would both see military spending reduced and allow Italy to learn from its own recent military experience as well as that of other countries.[24]

During his period in office Garibaldi had gathered a corps of volunteers on the border with the Papal States and was preparing to invade it. Rattazzi and Thaon di Revel had Garibaldi arrested, but the situation got out of control when on 19 October he escaped from Caprera and landed in Tuscany to launch a new invasion of the Papal States. He resigned because the cabinet would not agree to his plan to mass fifty battalions of troops along the border with the Papal States to prevent Garibaldi’s partisans from invading as well as controlling brigandage in the border region.[14]

In 1879 he was appointed senator of the Kingdom.[2] In 1887 he was placed on reserve duty.[2] In 1905 he was awarded the collar of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, the highest honor of the House of Savoy and the Kingdom.[10]

He lived until the age of 93 and served his country under four rulers. His remains rest in a columbarium in the lower western DE gallery of the monumental cemetery of Milan.[25]

Family

In Milan on 26 December 1862, he married Camilla Castelbarco Visconti Simonetta[26] with whom he had 5 children, two of whom (Umberto and Ottavia Maria) did not reach the age of majority. Sabina (17 April 1865-Como 1950) married Count Emiliano Parravicini of Parravicino on 10 July 1893.[27][28] The same year the last son Antonio, a cavalry officer, died at the age of 24 due to a heart malformation. Carla (born 2 February 1875) married Count Guido Barbiano of Belgioioso in Milan on 20 April 1898.[26]

Works

Honours

Italian honours

Cavaliere dell'Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunziata – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Cavaliere dell'Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunziata – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
— 1905[10][29]
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Grand Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
— 1967[2]
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine della Corona d'Italia – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine della Corona d'Italia – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy
— 1878[2]
Grande ufficiale dell'Ordine militare di Savoia – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Grande ufficiale dell'Ordine militare di Savoia – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Grand Officer of the Military Order of Savoy
— 6 December 1866[30][2]
Medaglia di bronzo al Valor Militare – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Medaglia di bronzo al Valor Militare – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Bronze Medal of Military Valor
"For distinguishing himself at the battle of Palestro."
— 1859
Medaglia d'Argento al Valor Militare – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Medaglia d'Argento al Valor Militare – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Silver Medal of Military Valor
"For distinguishing himself at the battle of Goito"
— 30 May 1848
Medaglia d'Argento al Valor Militare – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Medaglia d'Argento al Valor Militare – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Silver Medal of Military Valor
"For distinguishing himself at the battle of Novara."
— 23 March 1849

Foreign honours

Commendatore di I classe dell'Ordine del Leone di Zähringen (Granducato di Baden) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Commendatore di I classe dell'Ordine del Leone di Zähringen (Granducato di Baden) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Commander First Class of the Order of the Zähringer Lion (Grand Duchy of Baden)
— 26 November 1864[31][2]
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine imperiale di Leopoldo (Impero austro-ungarico) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine imperiale di Leopoldo (Impero austro-ungarico) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (Austria)
— 21 March 1867[2]
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine dell'Aquila rossa (Impero Tedesco) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine dell'Aquila rossa (Impero Tedesco) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (German Empire)
— 22 October 1875[2]
Cavaliere di V classe dell'Ordine di Mejīdiyye (Impero Ottomano) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Cavaliere di V classe dell'Ordine di Mejīdiyye (Impero Ottomano) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Knight Fifth Class of the Order of the Medjidie (Ottoman Empire
— 1859[2]
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine del Cristo (Portogallo) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine del Cristo (Portogallo) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (Portugal)
— 9 January 1866[2]
Grand'Ufficiale dell'Ordine della Legion d'onore (Francia) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Grand'Ufficiale dell'Ordine della Legion d'onore (Francia) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)
— 2 September 1864[2]
Gran Cordone dell'Ordine del Dannebrog (Danimarca) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Gran Cordone dell'Ordine del Dannebrog (Danimarca) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark)
— 29 August 1864[2]
Gran Cordone dell'Ordine di Nichan Iftikar (Tunisia) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Gran Cordone dell'Ordine di Nichan Iftikar (Tunisia) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Grand Cordon of the Nishan Al-Iftikhar (Tunisia)
— 30 May 1867[2]
Compagno dell'Ordine del Bagno (Regno Unito) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Compagno dell'Ordine del Bagno (Regno Unito) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)
— 29 August 1859[32][2]
Medaglia di Crimea (Regno Unito) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
Medaglia di Crimea (Regno Unito) – ribbon for ordinary uniform
 Crimea Medal (United Kingdom)

References

  1. ^ "Thaon di Revel, Genova Giovanni, conte". treccani.it. Encicopedie On line. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "THAON DI REVEL Genova Giovanni". senato.it. Senato Della Repubblica. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  3. ^ "Thaon di Revel". accademiaaraldicanobiliare.com. Accademia Araldica Nobiliare Italiana. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  4. ^ Cecchetti, Pietro (1856). Raccolta Di Leggi, Notificazioni, Avvisi Ec. Pubblicati in Venezia Dal Giorno 24 Agosto 1849 in Avanti, Giuntivi Quelli Emanati Nel Regno Lombardo-veneto Dal 22 Marzo 1848 Volume 4, Issue 2. Venice: Tipografia Andreola. p. 277. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  5. ^ "Thaon di Revel, Ottavio, conte". treccani.it. Enciclopedie On line. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  6. ^ d'Azeglio, Costanza (28 April 1844). Lettere al figlio (1829–1862). Vol. II. Turin.
  7. ^ a b c d Thaon di Revel, Genova (1891). Il 1859 e l'Italia centrale miei ricordi. Milan: Fratelili Dumolard. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  8. ^ Guerri, Roberto (2015). Il lungo risorgimento del generale Genova Thaon di Revel "Per l'Italia e per il Re". Stato Maggiore della Difesa Ufficio Storico. p. 25.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Thaon di Revel, Genova (1891). Dal 1847 al 1855 La spedizione di Crimea; ricordi di un commissario militare del re. Milan: Fratelli Dumolard. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e L'illustrazione popolare. Milan: E. Treves. 10 September 1910. p. 594. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  11. ^ Jean, Carlo (2010). Italiani e Forze Armate. Milan: Franco Angeli Edizioni. p. 248. ISBN 9788856821307. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  12. ^ Melani, Andrea; Ricciardi, Enrico (2016). L'esercito piemontese alla vigilia della seconda guerra per l'indipendenza dell'Italia (1849–1859), vol. 1. Zanica: Soldiershop. ISBN 9788893271714. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  13. ^ Cecchetti, Pietro (1856). Raccolta Di Leggi, Notificazioni, Avvisi Ec. Pubblicati in Venezia Dal Giorno 24 Agosto 1849 in Avanti, Giuntivi Quelli Emanati Nel Regno Lombardo-veneto Dal 22 Marzo 1848 Volume 4, Issue 2. Venice: G.B. Andreola. p. 277.
  14. ^ a b c Licata, Glauco (1968). La Rassegna nazionale Conservatori e cattolici liberali italiani attraverso la loro rivista (1879–1915). Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura. p. 147. ISBN 9788884987396. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  15. ^ Boggio, Pier Carlo (1867). Storia politico-militare della guerra dell'indipendenza italiana (1859–1860). Turin: S. Franco e figli. p. 330. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  16. ^ Annuario della nobiltà italiana 1885. Pisa: La Direzione del Giornale Araldico. 1884. p. 318. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  17. ^ Thaon di Revel, Genova Giovanni (1894). Umbria ed Aspromonte Ricordi Diplomatici. Milan: Fratelli Dumolard. p. 121. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  18. ^ Lisi, Constanza. "INVENTARIO DEL FONDO G30 "COLONNA MILITARE IN UMBRIA"" (PDF). esercito.difesa.it. Ministero Della Difesa. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  19. ^ "Giovanni Thaon Di Revel Genova". storia.camera.it. Camera dei Deputati. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  20. ^ Di Fiore, Gigi (2011). Controstoria dell'Unità d'Italia fatti e misfatti del Risorgimento. Milan: Bureau Rizzoli. ISBN 9788817042819. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  21. ^ Gazzetta Ufficiale. Rome. 22 October 1866. p. 1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^ Tomassini, Stefano (2018). La guerra di Roma Storie di inganni, scandali e battaglie dal 1862 al 1870. Milan: Il Saggiatore. ISBN 9788865766217. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  23. ^ Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Rome: Ministero dell'interno. 1898. p. 178. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  24. ^ Rovinello, Marco (2023). Drafting Italy Conscription and the Military from 1814 to 1914. London: Taylor 4 Francis. ISBN 9781000878400. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  25. ^ "Personaggi celebri". monumental.comune.milano.it. Commune Di Milano. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  26. ^ a b "Camilla Castelbarco Visconti Simonetta". geneanet.org. Geneanet. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  27. ^ Dawes, Helena (2014). Catholic Women's Movements in Liberal and Fascist Italy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137406347. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  28. ^ Gentiloni Silveri, Umberto (2004). Cattolici e liberali Manfredo Da Passano e La rassegna nazionale. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino. p. 79. ISBN 9788849808988. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  29. ^ Calendario d'oro annuario nobiliare diplomatico araldico 1904. Istituto araldico italiano. 1904. p. 491. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  30. ^ "Thaon di Revel Genova". quirinale.it. Presidents Della Repubblica. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  31. ^ Regierungsblatt. Karlsruhe: Walsch & Vogel. 1864. p. IX. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  32. ^ Bulletins and Other State Intelligence Part 2. London: The London Gazette. 1862. p. 1856. Retrieved 19 November 2023.

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José Joaquim de Sousa ReisRemexido in an engraving c. 1838Born(1796-10-19)19 October 1796Estômbar, Kingdom of the AlgarveDied2 August 1838(1838-08-02) (aged 41)Faro, Kingdom of the AlgarveNationalityPortugueseOther namesRemechidoKnown forMiguelista guerrilla leader This article may be unbalanced toward certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (May 2024) Remexido,[a] the n...