Genographic Project

Not to be confused with the computer graphics business Genigraphics.

Genographic Project
Part of a series on
Genetic genealogy
Concepts
Related topics

The Genographic Project, launched on 13 April 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, was a genetic anthropological study (sales discontinued on 31 May 2019) that aimed to map historical human migrations patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples.[1] The final phase of the project was Geno 2.0 Next Generation.[2] Upon retirement of the site, 1,006,543 participants in over 140 countries had joined the project.[3]

Project history

Beginnings

Created and led by project director Spencer Wells in 2005, the Genographic Project was a privately funded, not-for-profit collaboration between the National Geographic Society, IBM and the Waitt Foundation.[4] Field researchers at eleven regional centers around the world began by collecting DNA samples from indigenous populations. Since the fall of 2015, the Project was led by Miguel Vilar.[5]

In fall 2012, the Genographic Project announced the completion of a new genotyping array, dedicated to genetic anthropology, called GenoChip. GenoChip is specifically designed for anthropological testing and includes SNPs from autosomal DNA, X-chromosome DNA, Y-chromosome DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The design of the new chip was a collaborative effort between Wells of National Geographic, Eran Elhaik of Johns Hopkins, Family Tree DNA, and Illumina.[6]

In August of 2015, a new chip was designed as a joint effort between Vilar, Genographic Lead Scientist, and Family Tree DNA.[7]

In the spring of 2019, it was announced that the Geno project had ended, but results would remain available online until 2020. In July 2020 the site was retired.

Geno 2.0

Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

The autosomal admixture analysis developed by Wells and Elhaik classifies individuals by assessing their proportions of genomic ancestry related to nine ancestral regions: East Asian, Mediterranean, Southern African, Southwest Asian, Oceanian, Southeast Asian, Northern European, Sub-Saharan African and Native American.[8]

Population Mediterranean Northern European Southwest Asian Sub-Saharan African Southern African East Asian Southeast Asian Native American Oceanian Total
Altaian 2 17 22 53 4 98
Amerindian (Mexico) 4 5 3 4 83 99
Bermudian 15 20 7 48 3 7 4 100
British 33 50 17 100
Bulgarian 47 31 20 2 100
Chinese 72 28 100
Danish 30 53 16 99
Dominican 29 11 1 47 1 1 1 4 95
Eastern Indian 2 2 43 50 2 99
Egyptian 65 18 14 97
Finnish 17 57 17 7 98
Georgian 61 7 31 99
German 36 46 17 99
Greek 54 28 17 99
Iberian 48 37 13 98
Iranian 42 8 42 5 97
Japanese 75 25 100
Khoisan 47 52 99
Kinh 57 43 100
Kuwaiti 57 4 27 8 2 98
Lebanese 66 5 26 2 99
Luhya 2 89 8 99
Malagasy 2 57 4 15 20 98
Mexican 28 20 8 4 2 36 98
Mongolian 6 12 67 9 4 98
Northern Caucasian 46 16 33 4 99
Northern Indian 6 5 34 26 27 98
Oceanian 12 88 100
Papuan 5 4 91 100
Highland Peruvian 2 2 95 99
Peruvians 15 10 3 2 68 98
Puerto Rican 31 21 9 25 2 11 99
Romanian 43 36 19 2 100
Russians 25 51 18 4 98
Sardinian 67 24 8 99
Southern Indian 4 2 58 35 99
Tajikistan 22 22 44 10 98
Tatar 21 40 21 16 98
Tunisian 62 6 10 19 2 99
Tuscan 54 28 17 99
Vanuatu 4 15 78 97
Western Indian 9 6 58 26 99
Yoruba people 97 3 100

Geno 2.0 Next Generation

In 2016, the project began utilizing cutting-edge[2] Helix DNA sequencing for Geno 2.0 Next Generation,[2][9] the current phase of the Genographic Project. As compared to earlier phases which used nine regional affiliations, Geno 2.0 Next Generation analyzes modern-day indigenous populations around the world using either 18 or 22 regional affiliations.[10] Utilizing a DNA-collection kit, Helix acquires a saliva sample from a participant, which is then analyzed for genomic identifiers that offer unprecedented[2] insight into the person's genetic origins.[2] The data is then uploaded to the Genographic Project DNA database.[2]

Reference Populations Next-Gen based on Biogeographical Ancestry[11]
Population Arabia Asia Minor Central Asia Eastern Africa Eastern Europe Great Britain & Ireland Jewish Diaspora Northern Africa Southern Africa Southern Asia Southwest Asia & Persian Gulf Southern Europe Western & Central Africa
African-American (Southwestern USA) 2% 4% 9% 3% 81%
Egyptian 3% 3% 4% 68% 17% 3%
Ethiopian 11% 64% 5% 7% 8% 5%
Greek 9% 7% 2% 2% 79%
Iranian 56% 6% 4% 4% 2% 24% 2%
Kuwaiti 7% 3% 4% 84%
Luhya (Kenyan) 81% 4% 4% 4% 2% 5%
Tunisian 88% 4% 5% 2%
Yoruban (West African) 2% 3% 6% 89%

Volunteer participation

Genographic Project public participation

From 2005 to 2019 Genographic engaged volunteers (in fieldwork and providing DNA samples) and citizen science projects. During this time the National Geographic Society sold non-profit self-testing kits to members of the general public who wished to participate in the project as "citizen scientists". Such outreach for public participation in research has been encouraged by organizations such as International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG), which is seeking to promote benefits from scientific research.[12][13][14] This includes supporting, organization and dissemination of personal DNA (genetic) testing.

The ISOGG supports citizen participation in genetic research,[15] and believes such volunteers have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community.[16]

In a 2013 speech to the Southern California Genealogical Society, Spencer Wells discussed its encouragement of citizen scientists. He said:

Since 2005, the Genographic Project has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of "citizen scientist." Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the power of the crowd to discover new details of human population history.[17]

Criticism

See also: Archaeology of the Americas and Models of migration to the New World

Shortly after the announcement of the project in April 2005, the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) noted its connections to controversial issues (such as concern among some tribes that the results of genetic human migration studies might indicate that Native Americans are not indigenous to North America). The IPCB recommended against indigenous people participating.[18]

The founder of IPCB, Debra Harry, offered a rationale for why Indigenous people were discouraged to participate in the Genographic Project. According to Harry, a Northern Paiute Native American and Associate Professor in Indigenous Studies at Nevada University, the Genographic Project resulted in a human genetic testing practice that appeared to mask an ulterior motive rather than mere scientific research. Particularly, the great concern about the possible political interest behind the Genographic Project, motivated the IPCB to preemptively alert the global indigenous community on the “not so altruistic motivations”[19] of the project. Additionally, IPCB argues that the Genographic project not only provides no direct benefit to Indigenous peoples but instead raises considerable risks. Such risks, raised by Harry in an interview released in December 2005,[20] were used to advocate against the indigenous participation in the project. Another comment made by IPCB founder Debra Harry was that the Genographic Project served as a method to discredit kin relations through the possibility that ancestral identities may be invalidated and to deny Indigenous peoples’ access and authority over the resource-rich territories that they had for long inhabited.[20] The IPCB also identified another attempt at biocolonialism in the Genographic Project. The latter involved the high probability of genetic testing results producing errors such as false negatives and positives that lead to the misidentification of Native people as non-Native and vice versa.[21] Another negative consequence expressed by TallBear is the risk that an individual's cultural identity can be conclusively established through biocolonialist projects such as the Genographic Project.[21] Ultimately, TallBear's argument is in close agreement with Harry's concerns regarding the Genographic Project and serves as a significant force motivating IPCB to advocate against Biocolonialism.

In May 2006, the project came to the attention of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). UNPFII conducted investigations into the objectives of the Genographic Project, and recommended that National Geographic and other sponsors suspend the project.[22] Concerns were that the knowledge gleaned from the research could clash with long-held beliefs of indigenous peoples and threaten their cultures. There were also concerns that indigenous claims to land rights and other resources could be threatened.[23]

As of December 2006, some federally recognized tribes in the United States declined to take part in the study including Maurice Foxx, chairman of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs and a member of the Mashpee Wampanoag.[22]

Not all Indigenous peoples agree with his position; as of December 2012, more than 70,000 indigenous participants from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania had joined the project.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Council for Responsible Genetics". Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Geno 2.0 Next Generation". National Geographic. 28 June 2018. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  3. ^ "National Geographic Geno DNA Ancestry Kit | Human Migration, Population Genetics". web.archive.org. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  4. ^ "Ocean Protection Funding". Waitt Foundation. La Jolla, California. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  5. ^ "Dr. Miguel Vilar is the 29th Speaker in UOG Presidential Lecture Series". University of Guam. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  6. ^ Elhaik, Eran; Greenspan, Elliott; Staats, Sean; Krahn, Thomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Xue, Yali; Tofanelli, Sergio; Francalacci, Paolo; Cucca, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Jin, Li; Li, Hui; Schurr, Theodore G.; Greenspan, Bennett; Spencer Wells, R. (9 May 2013). "The GenoChip: A New Tool for Genetic Anthropology". Genome Biology and Evolution. 5 (5): 1021–1031. doi:10.1093/gbe/evt066. PMC 3673633. PMID 23666864. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  7. ^ "'Geno 2.0: Next Generation' Reveals New Details of Your Ancient Ancestry | National Geographic (blogs)". web.archive.org. 5 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  8. ^ "Who Am I: Regions Overview". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  9. ^ Helix DNA Sequencing and Geno 2.0 Archived 21 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine Helix. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Next Generation Reference Populations". National Geographic. 23 February 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  11. ^ National Geographic Geno 2.0 Project, archived from the original on 7 February 2017, retrieved 22 October 2018
  12. ^ Bonney, R.; LaBranche, M. (2004). "Citizen Science: Involving the Public in Research". ASTC Dimensions (May/June 2004): 13.
  13. ^ Baretto, C.; Fastovsky, D.; Sheehan, P. (2003). "A Model for Integrating the Public into Scientific Research". Journal of Geoscience Education. 50 (1): 71–75. Bibcode:2003JGeEd..51...71B. doi:10.5408/1089-9995-51.1.71. S2CID 67761505.
  14. ^ McCaffrey, R. E. (2005). "Using Citizen Science in Urban Bird Studies". Urban Habitats. 3 (1): 70–86.
  15. ^ King, Turi E.; Jobling, Mark A. (2009). "What's in a name? Y chromosomes, surnames and the genetic genealogy revolution". Trends in Genetics. 25 (8): 351–60. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.06.003. hdl:2381/8106. PMID 19665817. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (www.isogg.org) advocates the use of genetics as a tool for genealogical research, and provides a support network for genetic genealogists. It hosts the ISOGG Y-haplogroup tree, which has the virtue of being regularly updated.
  16. ^ Mendex, etc. al., Fernando (28 February 2013). "An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". The American Society of Human Genetics. pp. 454–459. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  17. ^ Wells, Spencer (2013). "The Genographic Project and the Rise of Citizen Science". Southern California Genealogical Society (SCGS). Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  18. ^ Harry, Debra and Le'a Malia Kanehe. "Genetic Research: Collecting Blood to Preserve Culture?" Cultural Survival, 29.4 (Winter 2005). Accessed 4 February 2014.
  19. ^ "Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism". ipcb.org. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  20. ^ a b "Interview with Debra Harry and the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism". New Internationalist. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  21. ^ a b Ellen, Samuels (2014). Fantasies of identification : disability, gender, race. New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-1298-1. OCLC 900357752.
  22. ^ a b Harmon, Amy (10 December 2006). "DNA Gatherers Hit Snag: Tribes Don't Trust Them". The New York Times.
  23. ^ "United Nations Recommends Halt to Genographic Project". ipcb.

Official sites

News articles

Videos

Read other articles:

Douarnenez

Commune in Brittany, FranceDouarnenezCommuneSeafront of Douarnenez Coat of armsLocation of Douarnenez DouarnenezShow map of FranceDouarnenezShow map of BrittanyCoordinates: 48°05′34″N 4°19′45″W / 48.0928°N 4.3292°W / 48.0928; -4.3292CountryFranceRegionBrittanyDepartmentFinistèreArrondissementQuimperCantonDouarnenezIntercommunalityDouarnenez CommunautéGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jocelyne Poitevin[1]Area124.94 km2 (9.63...

 

Rodgers + Hammerstein's Cinderella (Beane musical)

Musical by Rodgers, Hammerstein and Beane (2013 adaptation) This article is about the 2013 Broadway version. For the 1957 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, see Cinderella (Rodgers and Hammerstein musical). Rodgers + Hammerstein's CinderellaOriginal Broadway poster (2013)MusicRichard RodgersLyricsOscar Hammerstein IIBookOscar Hammerstein II Douglas Carter BeaneBasisCinderella by Charles PerraultCinderella by Rodgers and HammersteinPremiereMarch 13, 2013: The Broadway Theatre, New York CityProdu...

 

Fino a prova contraria

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il film del 2013, vedi Devil's Knot - Fino a prova contraria. Fino a prova contrariaClint Eastwood in una scena del filmTitolo originaleTrue Crime Paese di produzioneStati Uniti d'America Anno1999 Durata127 min Generedrammatico, thriller RegiaClint Eastwood Soggettodal romanzo di Andrew Klavan SceneggiaturaLarry Gross, Paul Brickman, Stephen Schiff ProduttoreClint Eastwood, Richard D. Zanuck, Lili Fini Zanuck Produttore esecutivoTom Rooker Casa di pro...

Perahu payang

Sebuah Payang di Museum Negara, Malaysia. Perahu payang atau hanya payang adalah perahu nelayan tradisional Melayu yang terbuka. Perahu jenis ini biasanya ditemukan di Terengganu, dan pada jumlah lebih sedikit, Kelantan, Pahang, dan pantai Johor. Beberapa perahu payang biasanya datang ke Singapura untuk beroperasi selama periode monsun timur laut di Laut Tiongkok Selatan.[1] Etimologi Nama perahu payang berasal dari payang (sejenis pukat) yang digunakan oleh nelayan setempat. Namanya ...

 

Сибирский горный козёл

Сибирский горный козёл Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:СинапсидыКла�...

 

Mars program

Space program of the Soviet Union This article is about the Soviet program. For other Mars exploration programs, see Exploration of Mars. For programs called Mars, see Mars (disambiguation). The Mars program was a series of uncrewed spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1973. The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars, and included flyby probes, landers and orbiters. Early Mars spacecraft were small, and launched by Molniya rockets. Starting with two failures in 1969, the...

コルク

この記事は検証可能な参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。（このテンプレートの使い方）出典検索?: コルク – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp · ジャパンサーチ · TWL（2017年4月） コルクを打ち抜いて作った瓶の栓 コルク（木栓、�...

 

Alcyone and Ceyx

Ancient Greek mythological figures Alcyone redirects here. For other uses, see Alcyone (disambiguation). Halcyone redirects here. For other uses, see Halcyon (disambiguation). Ceyx redirects here. For other uses, see Ceyx (disambiguation). Alcyone and Ceyx transformed into Halcyons In Greek mythology, Alcyone (or dubiously Halcyone)[1] (/ælˈsaɪəˌni, hælˈsaɪəˌni/; Ancient Greek: Ἀλκυόνη, romanized: Alkyónē) and Ceyx (/ˈsiːɪks/; Κήϋξ, Kḗÿx) were a wife...

 

Civil–military relations

Study of the relationship between a country's armed forces and civil society/government This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The examples and perspective in this article d...

Государство Сельджукидов

Историческое государствоГосударство Сельджукидовперс. دولت سلجوقیان‎Dawlat-i Salcūqiān Государственный символ «Сельджукский сокол»[1][2] Империя в 1092 году, после смерти Мелик-шаха I. ← ← ← ←  ↓ 1038 — 1157 Столица Нишапур (1038—1043) Рей (1043—1051) Исфахан (1051—1118) ...

 

世界政區索引

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料，部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队（军事） 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

 

Obednego Depparinding

Obednego Depparinding Anggota DPRD Sulawesi Barat Fraksi PerindoMasa jabatan28 Agustus 2019 – 9 Oktober 2022PresidenJoko WidodoGubernurAli Baal MasdarBupati Mamasa ke-2Masa jabatan18 September 2008 – 27 Juni 2011PresidenSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoGubernurAnwar Adnan SalehWakilRamlan BadawiPendahuluM. Said SaggafPenggantiRamlan Badawi Informasi pribadiLahir(1959-10-05)5 Oktober 1959Mamasa, SulawesiMeninggal9 Oktober 2022(2022-10-09) (umur 63)Makassar, Sulawesi Selat...

Lencan languages

Moribund language family of Honduras and El Salvador LencanEthnicityLenca peopleGeographicdistributionEl Salvador and HondurasLinguistic classificationMacro-Chibchan ?LencanSubdivisions Honduran Lencan † Salvadoran Lencan ISO 639-3lenGlottologlenc1239 The Lencan languages are a small linguistic family from Central America, whose speakers before the Spanish conquest spread throughout El Salvador and Honduras. But by the beginning of the 20th century, only two languages of the family sur...

 

O'Flaherty V.C.

O'Flaherty V.C.Written byGeorge Bernard ShawDate premiered17 February 1917Place premieredBelgium, officers of the Royal Flying CorpsOriginal languageEnglishGenresatireSettingIreland O'Flaherty V.C., A Recruiting Pamphlet (1915) is a comic one-act play written during World War I by George Bernard Shaw. The plot is about an Irish soldier in the British army returning home after winning the Victoria Cross. The play was written at a time when the British government was promoting recruitment in I...

 

Aleksander, Putra Mahkota Yugoslavia

Aleksander, Putra Mahkota Yugoslavia (Bahasa Serbia: Александар Карађорђевић, Престолонаследник Југославије; lahir 19 Juli 1945 di London) adalah kepala Wangsa Karađorđević, wangsa kerajaan dari bekas Kerajaan Yugoslavia dan pendahulunya Kerajaan Serbia. Aleksander adalah anak tunggal dari Raja Petar II dan istrinya, Putri Aleksandra dari Yunani dan Denmark.[1] Dia memangku jabatan putra mahkota selama empat bulan pertama kehidupann...

Gerolamo Veneroso

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

 

Marcantonio V Colonna

Marcantonio V ColonnaRitratto di Marcantonio V Colonna di Pietro NovelliPrincipe di PalianoStemma In carica1641 –20 gennaio 1659 PredecessoreGirolamo SuccessoreLorenzo Onofrio I Altri titoliPrincipe di CastiglioneDuca di MiragliaMarchese di Giuliano Nascita1608 o 1609 MorteRoma, 20 gennaio 1659 DinastiaColonna PadreFilippo I Colonna MadreLucrezia Tomacelli ConsorteIsabella Gioeni FigliAnnaMaria IsabellaMaria GirolamaMaria AlessandraMaria ColombaLorenzo OnofrioFilippoLucrezia Reli...

 

Alghero

AlgheroL'Alguer Vue de la côte de la ville et ses bastions. Armoiries Drapeau Nom sarde S'Alighéra Administration Pays Italie Région Sardaigne  Province Sassari  Maire Mandat Mario Conoci (Parti sarde d'action) 2019- Code postal 07041 Code ISTAT 090003 Code cadastral A192 Préfixe tel. 079 Démographie Gentilé Alguérois, Alguéroise(it) algherese(ca) alguerès, algueresa Population 42 380 hab. (1er janvier 2023[1]) Densité 188 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées ...

Mangas District

District in Ancash, PeruMangasDistrictCountry PeruRegionAncashProvinceBolognesiCapitalMangasGovernment • MayorMariano Rojas GarciaArea • Total115.84 km2 (44.73 sq mi)Elevation3,459 m (11,348 ft)Population (2005 census) • Total559 • Density4.8/km2 (12/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (PET)UBIGEO020512 Mangas District is one of fifteen districts of the province Bolognesi in Peru.[1] Manuel Burga has shown that i...

 

Adobe Flash

この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 古い情報を更新する必要があります。（2017年2月） 独自研究が含まれているおそれがあります。（2021年2月） Adobe Flash Professional 開発元 （フューチャーウェーブ・ソフトウェア→）（マクロメディア→）アドビ 最新版 CC (2015) / 2015年6月15日 (9年前) (2015-06-15)対応OS Windows, macOS種�...