Gemmula

Gemmula
shells of Gemmula gemmulina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Neogastropoda
Superfamily: Conoidea
Family: Turridae
Genus: Gemmula
Weinkauff, 1875[1]
Type species
Pleurotoma gemmata
Hinds, 1843
Species

See text

Synonyms[2]
  • Eugemmula Iredale, 1931
  • Gemmula (Gemmula) Weinkauf, 1875
  • Pleurotoma (Gemmula) Weinkauff, 1875 (original rank)
  • Turris (Gemmula) Weinkauf, 1875

Gemmula, common name the gem turrids, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.[2]

These snails have been recorded as fossils from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (from 66.043 to 0.012 Ma). Fossils have been found all over the world.[3]

This genus is still regarded as paraphyletic and should be revised.[4] A high number of undescribed species are estimated to belong to Gemmula. Since independent “Gemmula-like” lineages are distributed all over the turrid tree, a revision of Gemmula would entail again a complete revision of the family Turridae.[5]

Fossil shell of Gemmula rotata from Pliocene

They are venomous with disulfide-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts.[6] These bioactive peptides are likely to become a resource for novel pharmacologically active compounds [7]

Habitat and feeding habits

The snails in this genus occur mostly in deeper tropical waters at depths between 50 and 500m. Because of these deep habitats, little is known about their feeding habits.

Taxonomy

The Gemmula clade is more closely related to the clades Xenuroturris, Turris and Lophiotoma than to the other clades in the former subfamily Turrinae.

Description

The fusiform shell resembles Drillia, but with a thin and simple outer lip without an anterior sulcus, and the inner lip usually simple, hardly callous. The protoconch is polygyrate and axially costate. There are three or four embryonal whorls, the two upper ones smooth, upright, the others longitudinally ribbed. The sculpture is most emphasized in a spiral direction, often with a prominent beaded keel at or in front of the anal fasciole.The rather long siphonal canal is narrow and tapering, sometimes curved. The sinus is straight, more or less narrow and long, terminating in a nodulous peripheral keel that is gemmate throughout. Type species : Pleurotoma gemmata Hinds, 1843 [8][9]

The bead-row of the fasciole readily distinguishes this genus from related forms. Between the smooth protoconch and the adult whorls two or three whorls intervene with descrepant sculpture of fine arcuate longitudinal riblets.[10]

As expected from venomous species, these species have a toxoglosson radula (formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.[11]

Species

The genus Gemmula is the largest genus in the former subfamily Turrinae. Species within the genus Gemmula include:

Species brought into synonymy

References

  1. ^ Weinkauff (1875). Jahrb. dtsch. malak. Ges. 2: 285.
  2. ^ a b Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 3 October 2010.
  3. ^ Paleobiology Database
  4. ^ Puillandre N, Modica MV, Zhang Y, Sirovich L, Boisselier MC, Cruaud C, Holford M, Samadi S. 2012. Large-scale species delimitation method for hyperdiverse groups. Molecular Ecology 21: 2671–2691
  5. ^ * Zaharias P., Kantor Y.I., Fedosov A.E., Criscione F., Hallan A., Kano Y., Bardin J. & Puillandre N. (2020). Just the once will not hurt: DNA suggests species lumping over two oceans in deep-sea snails (Cryptogemma). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa010/5802562
  6. ^ Heralde III, Francisco M.; Julita Imperial; Pradip K. Bandyopadhyay; Baldomero M. Olivera; Gisela P. Concepcion; Ameurfina D. Santo (April 2008). "A rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous Gemmula species". Toxicon. 51 (5): 890–897. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.022. PMC 2582027. PMID 18272193.
  7. ^ Baldomero M. Olivera, David R. Hillyard and Maren Watkins, A new species of Gemmula, Weinkauff 1875; Evidence of two clades of Philippine species in the genus Gemmula, Philippine Science letters, vol. 1 (1)
  8. ^ W.H. Dall (1908) Reports on the Mollusca and Brachiopoda, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. vol. 43
  9. ^ G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ Hedley, C. 1922. A revision of the Australian Turridae. Records of the Australian Museum 13(6): 213-359, pls 42-56 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ Francisco M. Heralde III et al., The Indo-Pacific Gemmula species in the subfamily Turrinae: Aspects of field distribution, molecular phylogeny, radular anatomy and feeding ecology, Philippine Science Letters, vol. 3 (1), 2010
  12. ^ Gemmula alwyni Kilburn, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  13. ^ Gemmula amabilis. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  14. ^ Gemmula ambara Olivera et al., 2008. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  15. ^ Gemmula championi Kilburn, 1983. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  16. ^ Gemmula closterion Sysoev, 1997. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  17. ^ Gemmula concinna (Dunker, 1871). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  18. ^ Gemmula congener (Smith E. A., 1894). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  19. ^ Gemmula cosmoi (Sykes, 1930). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  20. ^ Gemmula damperierana Powell, 1964. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  21. ^ Gemmula diomedea Powell, 1964. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  22. ^ Gemmula ducalis (Thiele, 1925). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  23. ^ Gemmula fenestrata Kosuge, 1990. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  24. ^ Gemmula flata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  25. ^ Gemmula gemmulina (Martens, 1902). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  26. ^ Gemmula gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  27. ^ Gemmula graeffei (Weinkauff, 1875). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  28. ^ Gemmula grandigyrata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  29. ^ Gemmula granosus (Helbling, 1779). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  30. ^ Gemmula hastula (Reeve, 1843). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  31. ^ Gemmula hawleyi (Iredale, 1931). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  32. ^ Gemmula hindsiana Berry, 1958. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  33. ^ Gemmula husamaru (Nomura, 1940). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  34. ^ Gemmula interpolata Powell, 1967. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  35. ^ Gemmula kieneri (Doumet, 1840). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  36. ^ Gemmula lisajoni Olivera, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  37. ^ Gemmula lordhoweensis Kantor & Sysoev, 1991. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  38. ^ Gemmula lululimi Olivera, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  39. ^ Gemmula monilifera (Pease, 1860). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  40. ^ Gemmula murrayi Powell, 1964. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  41. ^ Gemmula mystica Simone, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  42. ^ Gemmula pseudogranosa (Nomura, 1940). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  43. ^ Gemmula pseudomonilifera Powell, 1967. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  44. ^ Gemmula rarimaculata Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  45. ^ Gemmula rosario Shikama, 1977. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  46. ^ Gemmula sibogae (Schepman, 1913). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  47. ^ Gemmula sibukoensis Powell, 1964. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  48. ^ Gemmula sikatunai Olivera, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  49. ^ Gemmula sogodensis Olivera, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  50. ^ Gemmula speciosa (Reeve, 1842). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  51. ^ Gemmula stupa Lee, 2001. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  52. ^ Gemmula subfenestrata Kosuge, 1990. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  53. ^ Gemmula vagata (Smith E. A., 1895). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  54. ^ Gemmula webberae Kilburn, 1975. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  55. ^ Gemmula westaustralis Kosuge, 1990. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  56. ^ Gemmula bisinuata (Martens, 1901). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  57. ^ Gemmula luzonica (Powell, 1964). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  58. ^ Gemmula microscelida (Dall, 1895). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  59. ^ Gemmula periscelida (Dall, 1889). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  60. ^ Gemmula praesignis (Smith E. A., 1895). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  61. ^ Gemmula rotatilis (Martens, 1902). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  62. ^ Gemmula teschi (Powell, 1964). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  63. ^ Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  64. ^ Gemmula thielei Finlay H. J., 1930. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  65. ^ Gemmula truncata (Schepman, 1913). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  66. ^ Gemmula unedo (Kiener, 1840). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 14 April 2010.
  • Powell, A.W.B. 1964. The Family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1. The Subfamily Turrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1: 227-346
  • Kilburn, R.N. (1983) Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae. Annals of the Natal Museum, 25, 549–585.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gemmula.

Read other articles:

Khabib Nurmagomedov

Artikel ini membutuhkan penyuntingan lebih lanjut mengenai tata bahasa, gaya penulisan, hubungan antarparagraf, nada penulisan, atau ejaan. Anda dapat membantu untuk menyuntingnya. Dalam nama yang mengikuti kebiasaan penamaan Slavia Timur ini, patronimiknya adalah Abdulmanapovich dan nama keluarganya adalah Nurmagomedov. Khabib NurmagomedovХабиб Нурмагомедов (Rusia)Nurmagomedov pada tahun 2019.LahirKhabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov20 September 1988 (umur 35)Sildi, ...

 

Chrodegang

Santo ChrodegangLahirabad ke-8Hesbaye (Belgia)Meninggal6 Maret 766MetzDihormati diGereja Katolik RomaGereja OrtodoksTempat ziarahBiara GorzePesta6 Maret Santo Chrodegang (Bahasa Latin:Chrodogangus; Bahasa Jerman:Chrodegang, Hruotgang; meninggal 6 Maret 766 M) merupakan Uskup Metz asal Franka dari tahun 742 atau 748 sampai kematiannya.[1] Biografi Chrodegang dilahirkan pada awal abad ke-8 di Hesbaye (Belgia, di sekitar civitas Romawi kuno Tongeren) dari keluarga bangsawan Franka. Ia ad...

 

Kelompok Pandawa, Kulon Progo

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Artikel ini mungkin mengandung riset asli. Anda dapat membantu memperbaikinya dengan memastikan pernyataan yang dibuat dan menambahkan referensi. Pernyataan yang berpangku pada riset asli harus dihapus. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus ...

Daftar kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah petahana di Papua Pegunungan

Berikut daftar Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah di 8 kabupaten/kota di Papua Pegunungan adalah: Kabupaten/Kota Foto Bupati/Wali Kota Bupati/Wali Kota Foto Wakil Bupati/Wali Kota Wakil Bupati/Wali Kota Mulai Menjabat Selesai Menjabat(Direncanakan) Ref KabupatenJayawijayaDaftar Bupati/Wakil Bupati Sumule Tumbo(Penjabat) 19 Desember 2023 MenungguPemilihan umum Bupati Jayawijaya 2024 [1] KabupatenLanny JayaDaftar Bupati/Wakil Bupati Petrus Wakerkwa(Penjabat) 18 Januari 2024 Menunggu ...

 

Milton Shapp 1976 presidential campaign

1976 United States presidential election candidacy Milton Shapp for PresidentCampaignU.S. presidential election, 1976CandidateMilton Shapp40th Governor of Pennsylvania (1971–1979)AffiliationDemocratic PartyStatusWithdrawn (lost primary)Key peopleNorval Reece (Manager)ReceiptsUS$913,755.57[1] Governor Milton Shapp of Pennsylvania unsuccessfully sought the Democratic Party nomination for president of the United States in the 1976 election. Shapp won reelection as governor of Penn...

 

Eulalio Gutiérrez

41st President of Mexico from 1914 to 1915 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Eulalio Gutiérrez – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gutiérrez and the sec...

Epitaph

Inscription on a tombstone For other uses, see Epitaph (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Epigraph or Epithet. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Epitaph on the base of the Haymarket Martyrs' Monument, Waldheim Cemete...

 

Nutrition

Provision to cells and organisms to support life For other uses, see Nutrition (disambiguation). An Amblypodia anita (purple leaf blue butterfly) gathering nutrients from guano Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life. It provides organisms with nutrients, which can be metabolized to create energy and chemical structures. Failure to obtain sufficient nutrients causes malnutrition. Nutritional science is the study of nutrition, t...

 

Norway at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships

Sporting event delegationNorway at the2017 World Aquatics ChampionshipsFlag of NorwayFINA codeNORNational federationNorges SvømmeforbundWebsitewww.svomming.noin Budapest, HungaryCompetitors3 in 1 sportMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 World Aquatics Championships appearances197319751978198219861991199419982001200320052007200920112013201520172019202220232024 Norway competed at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 14 July to 30 July. Swimming Main article: Swi...

Trophée des champions 2017

Trophée des champions 2017 Competizione Trophée des Champions Sport Calcio Edizione 41ª Organizzatore LFP Date 29 luglio 2017 Luogo  MaroccoTangeri Risultati Vincitore Paris Saint-Germain(7º titolo) Secondo Monaco Statistiche Miglior giocatore Dani Alves[1] Incontri disputati 1 Gol segnati 3 (3 per incontro) Pubblico 43 761 (43 761 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 2016 2018 Manuale Il Trophée des Champions 2017 è stata la 41ª Supercoppa di F...

 

Jeremiah Horrocks

Jeremiah Horrocks mengadakan pengamatan pertama Transit Venus pada tahun 1639. Jeremiah Horrocks atau Horrox (Toxteth, Liverpool, 1618 - idem, 3 Januari 1641) adalah seorang astronom Inggris yang dikenal akan pengamatan transit Venus. Ayah Horrocks adalah petani kecil, sementara pamannya adalah pembuat jam. Hidup Horrocks selalu diliputi kemiskinan. Ia bergabung dengan Emmanuel College pada tanggal 11 Mei 1632 dan diuji sebagai sizar di Universitas Cambridge pada tanggal 5 Juli 1632, tetapi k...

 

Jonathan Swift

Irish satirist and cleric (1667–1745) For other uses, see Jonathan Swift (disambiguation). The Very ReverendJonathan SwiftPortrait by Charles Jervas, 1710Born(1667-11-30)30 November 1667Dublin, IrelandDied19 October 1745(1745-10-19) (aged 77)Dublin, IrelandResting placeSt Patrick's Cathedral, DublinPen nameIsaac BickerstaffM. B. DrapierLemuel GulliverSimon WagstaffEsq.OccupationWriterpoetpolitical pamphleteerpriestLanguageModern EnglishEducationB.A.Alma materTrinity College Dublin...

F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas

British Special Operations Executive agent (1902–1964) Tommy Yeo-ThomasPhotograph of Yeo-Thomas taken eight hours before he parachuted into occupied France in September 1943Birth nameForest Frederick Edward Yeo-ThomasNickname(s)TommyBorn(1902-06-17)17 June 1902London, EnglandDied26 February 1964(1964-02-26) (aged 61)Paris, FranceAllegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal Air ForceRankWing commanderService number39215UnitSpecial Operations ExecutiveBattles/warsPolish-Soviet...

 

Roman Rite

Most widespread liturgical rite in the Roman Catholic Church Part of a series onRoman Rite Massof the Catholic ChurchRoman Missal: Chalice (with purificator, paten and pall), crucifix, and lit candle A. Introductory rites Entrance Greeting of the altar Penitential Act Kyrie Eleison Gloria Collect B. Liturgy of the Word Lectionary readings Responsorial psalm Homily Profession of faith Prayer of the Faithful C. Liturgy of the Eucharist See also: Eucharist in the Catholic Church Preparation of t...

 

Sandy Narrows 184C

Indian reserve in Saskatchewan, Canada Indian reserve in Canada, Peter BallantyneSandy Narrows 184CIndian reserveSandy Narrows Indian Reserve No. 184CLocation in SaskatchewanFirst NationPeter BallantyneCountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanArea[1] • Total1,077.7 ha (2,663.1 acres) Sandy Narrows 184C is an Indian reserve of the Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation in Saskatchewan.[1][2] It is on the shores of Pelican Lake, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north...

Pedro Pablo Kuczynski

Peruvian politician and economist; Prime Minister (2005–06), President (2016–18) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Kuczynski and the second or maternal family name is Godard. Pedro Pablo KuczynskiOSPKuczynski in 201659th President of PeruIn office28 July 2016 – 23 March 2018Prime Minister Fernando Zavala Mercedes Aráoz Vice President First Vice President Martín Vizcarra Second Vice President Mercedes Aráoz Preceded byOllanta HumalaSucceeded b...

 

Berlino

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Berlino (disambigua). Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento geografia ha problemi di struttura e di organizzazione delle informazioni. Motivo: La voce non risponde agli standard richiesti da Wikipedia:Modello di voce/Centro abitato nell'impostazione e nei contenuti. Risistema la struttura espositiva, logica e/o bibliografica dei contenuti. Nella discussione puoi collaborare con altri utenti alla risistemazione. Segui i suggerim...

 

العلاقات الغينية الفرنسية

العلاقات الغينية الفرنسية غينيا فرنسا   غينيا   فرنسا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الغينية الفرنسية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين غينيا وفرنسا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة غينيا فرنسا �...

Mauro Favilla

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento politici italiani non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Mauro Favilla Sindaco di LuccaDurata mandato19 dicembre 1972 –27 novembre 1984 PredecessoreGiovanni Martinelli SuccessoreFranco Antonio Fanucchi Durata mandato30 marzo 1988 R...

 

Історія української філософії

Києво-Могилянська академія та її спудеї. Гравюра XVIII ст. Істо́рія украї́нської філосо́фії є органічним складником історії всесвітньої філософії. Вона виявляє закономірності розвитку філософської думки українського народу. Філософія є невіддільною складовою україн�...