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Buddhist Stupa (Bardanga)
The University of Burdwan, in collaboration with the Archaeological Survey of India, carried out excavations near Monorampur, a newly developed village. Several statues of Gautama Buddha were found and the remains of a Buddhist stupa was unearthed. In 1994–95, the Burdwan Gazeteer had commented that the style of construction indicated that the stupa at Monorampur was built during 7-9th century. The lower portions of the excavations indicated the presence of a neolithic-chalcolithic habitation which remained deserted till the time of construction of the stupa. The place can be reached from Randiha dam.[1]
Galsi II CD Block is part of the Bardhaman Plain, the central plain area of the district. The area is surrounded by the Bhagirathi on the east, the Ajay on the north-west and the Damodar on the west and south. Old river channels and small creeks found in the region dry up in the dry season, but the Bardhaman Plains are sometimes subject to heavy floods during the rainy season. The region has recent alluvial soils.[1]
Galsi II CD Block is bounded by Ausgram I CD Block on the north, Burdwan I CD Block on the east, Khandaghosh CD Block on the south and Indas CD Block, in Bankura district, and Galsi I CD Block on the west.[2]
Galsi II CD Block has an area of 219.09 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 9 gram panchayats, 116 gram sansads (village councils), 73 mouzas and 73 inhabited villages. Galsi police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this CD Block is at Galsi.[4]
As per the 2011 Census of India Galsi II CD Block had a total population of 147,177, all of which were rural. There were 74,751 (51%) males and 72,426 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 15,594. Scheduled Castes numbered 58,342 (39.64%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 7,652 (4.08%).[6]
As per 2001 census, Galsi II block had a total population of 133,951, out of which 68,641 were males and 65,310 were females. Galsi II block registered a population growth of 11.82 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Bardhaman district was 14.36 per cent.[7] Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.[8]Scheduled castes at 55,012 formed more than one-third the population. Scheduled tribes numbered 9,127.[9]
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Galsi II CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Galsi (10,700), Gohagram (4,058), Bahirghanya (5,116), Khano (5,400), Satinandi (6,954) and Sanko (9,580).[6]
Other villages in Galsi II CD Block include (2011census figures in brackets): Adra (3,774), Kurkuba (2,714), Maszidpur (2,163), Bhuri (2,805) and Channa (2,465).[6]
Literacy
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Galsi II CD Block was 92,178 (70.05% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 51,594 (77.28% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 40,584 (62.61% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.66%.[6]
As per 2001 census, Galsi II block had a total literacy of 64.54 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 74.42 per cent female literacy was 54.05 per cent. Bardhaman district had a total literacy of 70.18 per cent, male literacy being 78.63 per cent and female literacy being 60.95 per cent.[10]
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 110,055 and formed 74.78% of the population in Galsi II CD Block. Muslims numbered 36,410 and formed 24.74% of the population. Christians numbered 504 and formed 0.34% of the population. Others numbered 208 and formed 0.14% of the population.[11]
In Bardhaman district the percentage of Hindu population has been declining from 84.3% in 1961 to 77.9% in 2011 and the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 15.2% in 1961 to 20.7% in 2011.[12]
At the time of the 2011 census, 93.00% of the population spoke Bengali and 5.90% Santali as their first language.[13]
Rural poverty
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living below poverty line in 2005, rural poverty in Galsi II CD Block was 29.42%.[14]
Economy
Livelihood
In Galsi II CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 15.23%, agricultural labourers 60.69%, household industry workers 2.14% and other workers 21.95%.[3]
Galsi II CD Block is part of the area where agriculture dominates the scenario but the secondary and tertiary sectors have shown an increasing trend.[15]
Infrastructure
There are 73 inhabited villages in Galsi II CD block. All 73 villages (100%) have power supply. All 73 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 18 villages (24.66%) have post offices. All 73 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 15 villages (20.55%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 46 villages (63.01%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 11 villages (15.07%) have agricultural credit societies. 6 villages (8.22%) have banks.[16]
In 2013–14, there were 92 fertiliser depots, 8 seed stores and 56 fair price shops in the CD Block.[3]
Agriculture
Persons engaged in agriculture in Galsi II CD Block
Bargadars (4.90%)
Patta holders (16.64%)
Small farmers (4.37%)
Marginal farmers (14.31%)
Agricultural labourers (59.78%)
Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.[17] Following land reforms land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Galsi II CD Block could be classified as follows: bargadars 4.90%, patta (document) holders 16.64%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 4.37%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 14.31% and agricultural labourers 59.78%.[3]
In 2003-04 net cropped area in Galsi II CD Block was 17,340 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 18,399 hectares.[18]
In 2013–14, Galsi II CD Block produced 71,705 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 22,634 hectares, 28,872 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 8,705 hectares and 22,833 tonnes of potatoes from 1,840 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.[3]
In Bardhaman district as a whole Aman paddy constituted 64.32% of the total area under paddy cultivation, while the area under Boro and Aus paddy constituted 32.87% and 2.81% respectively. The expansion of Boro paddy cultivation, with higher yield rates, was the result of expansion of irrigation system and intensive cropping.[19] In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Galsi II CD Block was 18,538.49 hectares, out of which 18,433.45 hectares were irrigated by canal water and 105.14 hectares by deep tube wells.[3]
Banking
In 2013–14, Galsi II CD Block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 3 gramin banks.[3]
In 2013–14, Galsi II CD Block had 110 primary schools with 7,448 students, 6 middle schools with 393 students, 15 high schools with 9,544 students and 8 higher secondary schools with 6,808 students. Galsi II CD Block had 1 general college with 1,464 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 100 students and 251 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,485 students[3]
As per the 2011 census, in Galsi II CD block, amongst the 73 inhabited villages, 1 village did not have a school, 37 villages had two or more primary schools, 25 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 16 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.[28]
More than 6,000 schools (in erstwhile Bardhaman district) serve cooked midday meal to more than 900,000 students.[29]
In 2014, Galsi II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centres with total 29 beds and 3 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 24 family welfare subcentres. 3,099 patients were treated indoor and 199,203 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.[3]
Adrahati block primary health centre at Adrahati (with 15 beds) is the main medical facility in Galsi II CD block. There are primary health centres at: Bhuri (with 10 beds) and Satinadi, PO Khana Junction (with 10 beds).[31]
Galsi II CD Block is one of the areas of Bardhaman district which is affected by a moderately high level of arsenic contamination of ground water.[32]
1. Chattopadhyay, Akkori, Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), (in Bengali), Vol II, pages 579–580, Radical Impression. ISBN 81-85459-36-3
^ abcdefghij"District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman". Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^"District Census Handbook: Barddhaman"(PDF). Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
^"District Human Development Report: Bardhaman"(PDF). Table 4.2: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 94. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^"District Human Development Report: Bardhaman"(PDF). Block/ Sub-division wise Variation in Occupational Distribution of Workers, page 47. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^"District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas". (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^"District Human Development Report, Bardhaman"(PDF). Table 3.10, Gross Cropped Area, Net Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity of different blocks of Bardhaman district 2003-04, Page 53. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, May 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^"District Human Development Report: Bardhaman"(PDF). Occupational Structure, Status and levels of Livelihood, page 55. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^"District Census Handbook, Barddhaman, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A"(PDF). Page 1082, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
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