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GJ 1214 / Orkaria
	; This artist's impression shows how the super-Earth orbiting the nearby star GJ 1214 may look.; Credit: ESO/L. Calçada
Observation data; Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000
Constellation	Ophiuchus
Right ascension	17h 15m 18.93399s
Declination	+04° 57′ 50.0666″
Apparent magnitude (V)	14.71±0.03
Characteristics
Spectral type	M4.5
Apparent magnitude (B)	16.40
Apparent magnitude (R)	14.394 ± 0.17
Apparent magnitude (I)	11.52 ± 0.03
Apparent magnitude (J)	9.750±0.024
Apparent magnitude (H)	9.094±0.024
Apparent magnitude (K)	8.782±0.020
B−V color index	1.73
V−R color index	0.9
R−I color index	2.7
Variable type	planetary transit
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	+20.91±0.65 km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 580.202 mas/yr ; Dec.: −749.713 mas/yr
Parallax (π)	68.2986 ± 0.0652 mas
Distance	47.75 ± 0.05 ly ; (14.64 ± 0.01 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)	14.10
Details
Mass	0.181±0.005 M☉
Radius	0.204±0.0085 R☉
Luminosity	0.00351±0.00010 L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.991±0.029 cgs
Temperature	3,111+69; −66 K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	0.11±0.09 dex
Rotation	125±5 d
Age	5–10 Gyr
Other designations
	Orkaria, GJ 1214, G 139-21, LHS 3275, LSPM J1715+0457, NLTT 44431, TIC 467929202, 2MASS J17151894+0457496
Database references
SIMBAD	data
Exoplanet Archive	data
ARICNS	data

GJ 1214 (sometimes Gliese 1214) is a dim M4.5^[4] red dwarf star in the constellation Ophiuchus with an apparent magnitude of 14.7.^[3] It is located at a distance of 47.8 light-years (14.7 parsecs) from Earth.^[12] GJ 1214 hosts one known exoplanet.^[8]

Nomenclature

The designation GJ 1214 comes from the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars. This star was first included in the second edition of the catalogue, published in 1979 by Gliese and Jahreiß, hence the GJ prefix usually used for this star.^[13]

In August 2022, this planetary system was included among 20 systems to be named by the third NameExoWorlds project.^[14] The approved names, proposed by a team from Kenya, were announced in June 2023. GJ 1214 is named Orkaria and its planet is named Enaiposha, after the Maa words for red ochre and for a large body of water, alluding to the color of the star and likely composition of the planet.^[15]

Properties

GJ 1214 is about one-fifth the radius of the Sun^[16] with a surface temperature estimated to be 3,110 K (2,840 °C; 5,140 °F).^[9] Its luminosity is only 0.35% that of the Sun.^[9]

The estimate for the stellar radius is 15% larger than predicted by theoretical models.^[8] It also shows a 1% intrinsic variability in the near-infrared probably caused by stellar spots.^[3] The star is rotating slowly, with a period that is most likely an integer multiple of 53 days. It is probably at least three billion years old and a member of the old thin disk of the Milky Way.^[3] Although GJ 1214 has a low to moderate level of magnetic activity, it does undergo flares and is a source of X-ray emission with a base luminosity of 7.4×10²⁵ erg s⁻¹. The temperature of the stellar corona is estimated to be about 3.5×10⁶ K.^[11]

In 2021–2022, the star is suspected to be in the low-activity phase of its magnetic starspot cycle.^[17]

Planetary system

In mid-December 2009, a team of Harvard-Smithsonian astronomers announced the discovery of a companion extrasolar planet, GJ 1214 b, potentially composed largely of water and having the mass and diameter of a super-Earth,^[8]^[16] though now more often described as a mini-Neptune based on its composition.^[18]

Discovered by the MEarth Project and investigated further by the HARPS spectrograph on ESO’s 3.6-metre telescope at La Silla, GJ 1214 b was the second super-Earth exoplanet for which astronomers determined the mass and radius, giving vital clues about its structure. It was also the first super-Earth around which an atmosphere was found. A search for additional planets using transit timing variations was negative.^[3]

No transit-time variations have yet been found for this transit. As of 2012, "the given data does not allow us to conclude that there is a [second] planet in the mass range 0.1–5 Earth-masses and the period range 0.76–1.23 or 1.91–3.18 days."^[19] The X-ray flux from the host star is estimated to have stripped 2–5.6 M_E from the planet over the lifetime of the system.^[11]

The GJ 1214 planetary system^[20]
Companion (in order from star)	Mass	Semimajor axis (AU)	Orbital period (days)	Eccentricity	Inclination	Radius
b / Enaiposha	8.17±0.43 $M$ _🜨	0.01490±0.00026	1.580404571(42)^[21]	<0.063	88.7±0.1°	2.742+0.050 −0.053 $R$ _🜨

References

^ Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a Constellation From a Position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99 (617): 695–699. Bibcode:1987PASP...99..695R. doi:10.1086/132034. Vizier query form
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Berta, Zachory K.; et al. (2011). "The GJ1214 Super-Earth System: Stellar Variability, New Transits, and a Search for Additional Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 736 (1). 12. arXiv:1012.0518. Bibcode:2011ApJ...736...12B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/12. S2CID 118428858.
^ ^a ^b Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara; et al. (2010). "Metal-rich M-Dwarf Planet Hosts: Metallicities with K-band Spectra". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 720 (1): L113–L118. arXiv:1007.4593. Bibcode:2010ApJ...720L.113R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L113. S2CID 118378322.
^ ^a ^b ^c "GJ 1214". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2019-01-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 18913331. Vizier catalog entry
^ van Altena, William F.; et al. The General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes. Yale University Observatory. ASIN B000UG5T6Y.Vizier catalog entry
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Charbonneau, David; et al. (2009). "A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star" (PDF). Nature. 462 (7275): 891–894. arXiv:0912.3229. Bibcode:2009Natur.462..891C. doi:10.1038/nature08679. PMID 20016595. S2CID 4360404.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Pineda, J. Sebastian; Youngblood, Allison; France, Kevin (September 2021). "The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample. I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 918 (1): 23. arXiv:2106.07656. Bibcode:2021ApJ...918...40P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea. S2CID 235435757. 40.
^ Mallonn, M.; et al. (2018). "GJ 1214: Rotation period, starspots, and uncertainty on the optical slope of the transmission spectrum". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 614. A35. arXiv:1803.05677. Bibcode:2018A&A...614A..35M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732300. S2CID 73721250.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lalitha, S.; et al. (July 2014). "X-Ray Emission from the Super-Earth Host GJ 1214". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 790 (1): 5. arXiv:1407.2741. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790L..11L. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/790/1/L11. S2CID 118774018. L11.
^ Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara; Boss, Alan P.; Weinberger, Alycia J.; Lloyd, James P. (2012). "GJ 1214b revised. Improved trigonometric parallax, stellar parameters, orbital solution, and bulk properties for the super-Earth GJ 1214b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 551: A48. arXiv:1210.8087v3. Bibcode:2013A&A...551A..48A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219250. S2CID 55117987.
^ "Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects". Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
^ "List of ExoWorlds 2022". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ "2022 Approved Names". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
^ ^a ^b David A. Aguilar (2009-12-16). "Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ Henry, Gregory W.; Bean, Jacob L. (2023), C14 Automatic Imaging Telescope Photometry of GJ 1214, arXiv:2302.07874
^ Brennan, Pat (10 May 2023). "NASA's Webb Takes Closest Look Yet at Mysterious Planet". NASA. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Kennet B. W. Harpsøe; et al. (2012). "The transiting system GJ1214: high-precision defocused transit observations and a search for evidence of transit timing variation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 549: A10. arXiv:1207.3064. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..10H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219996. S2CID 53418632.
^ Cloutier, Ryan; Charbonneau, David; Deming, Drake; Bonfils, Xavier; Astudillo-Defru, Nicola (2021), "A More Precise Mass for GJ 1214 b and the Frequency of Multiplanet Systems Around Mid-M Dwarfs", The Astronomical Journal, 162 (5): 174, arXiv:2107.14732, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..174C, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1584, S2CID 236635146
^ Kokori, A.; et al. (14 February 2023). "ExoClock Project. III. 450 New Exoplanet Ephemerides from Ground and Space Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 265 (1) 4. arXiv:2209.09673. Bibcode:2023ApJS..265....4K. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac9da4. Vizier catalog entry

External links

Astronomers Find World with Thick, Inhospitable Atmosphere and an Icy Heart

Detailed information about planet GJ 1214 b and its parameters.

[Roman1987-1] Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a Constellation From a Position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99 (617): 695–699. Bibcode:1987PASP...99..695R. doi:10.1086/132034. Vizier query form

[GaiaDR3-2] Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.

[Berta2011-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Berta, Zachory K.; et al. (2011). "The GJ1214 Super-Earth System: Stellar Variability, New Transits, and a Search for Additional Planets". The Astrophysical Journal. 736 (1). 12. arXiv:1012.0518. Bibcode:2011ApJ...736...12B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/12. S2CID 118428858.

[Rojas-Ayala2010-4] Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara; et al. (2010). "Metal-rich M-Dwarf Planet Hosts: Metallicities with K-band Spectra". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 720 (1): L113–L118. arXiv:1007.4593. Bibcode:2010ApJ...720L.113R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L113. S2CID 118378322.

[Simbad-5] "GJ 1214". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2019-01-15.

[Skrutskie2006-6] Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 18913331. Vizier catalog entry

[van_Altena1995-7] van Altena, William F.; et al. The General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes. Yale University Observatory. ASIN B000UG5T6Y.Vizier catalog entry

[Charbonneau2009-8] Charbonneau, David; et al. (2009). "A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star" (PDF). Nature. 462 (7275): 891–894. arXiv:0912.3229. Bibcode:2009Natur.462..891C. doi:10.1038/nature08679. PMID 20016595. S2CID 4360404.

[Pineda2021-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Pineda, J. Sebastian; Youngblood, Allison; France, Kevin (September 2021). "The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample. I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 918 (1): 23. arXiv:2106.07656. Bibcode:2021ApJ...918...40P. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea. S2CID 235435757. 40.

[Mallonn2018-10] Mallonn, M.; et al. (2018). "GJ 1214: Rotation period, starspots, and uncertainty on the optical slope of the transmission spectrum". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 614. A35. arXiv:1803.05677. Bibcode:2018A&A...614A..35M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732300. S2CID 73721250.

[Lalitha2014-11] Lalitha, S.; et al. (July 2014). "X-Ray Emission from the Super-Earth Host GJ 1214". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 790 (1): 5. arXiv:1407.2741. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790L..11L. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/790/1/L11. S2CID 118774018. L11.

[Anglada-Escudé2012-12] Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara; Boss, Alan P.; Weinberger, Alycia J.; Lloyd, James P. (2012). "GJ 1214b revised. Improved trigonometric parallax, stellar parameters, orbital solution, and bulk properties for the super-Earth GJ 1214b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 551: A48. arXiv:1210.8087v3. Bibcode:2013A&A...551A..48A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219250. S2CID 55117987.

[Dictionary-13] "Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects". Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 4 May 2023.

[14] "List of ExoWorlds 2022". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

[NEW2022-15] "2022 Approved Names". nameexoworlds.iau.org. IAU. Retrieved 7 June 2023.

[harvardpress-16] David A. Aguilar (2009-12-16). "Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved March 21, 2024.

[17] Henry, Gregory W.; Bean, Jacob L. (2023), C14 Automatic Imaging Telescope Photometry of GJ 1214, arXiv:2302.07874

[NASA-20230510-18] Brennan, Pat (10 May 2023). "NASA's Webb Takes Closest Look Yet at Mysterious Planet". NASA. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[Harpsøe-19] Kennet B. W. Harpsøe; et al. (2012). "The transiting system GJ1214: high-precision defocused transit observations and a search for evidence of transit timing variation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 549: A10. arXiv:1207.3064. Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..10H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219996. S2CID 53418632.

[Cloutier2021-20] Cloutier, Ryan; Charbonneau, David; Deming, Drake; Bonfils, Xavier; Astudillo-Defru, Nicola (2021), "A More Precise Mass for GJ 1214 b and the Frequency of Multiplanet Systems Around Mid-M Dwarfs", The Astronomical Journal, 162 (5): 174, arXiv:2107.14732, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..174C, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1584, S2CID 236635146

[Kokori2023-21] Kokori, A.; et al. (14 February 2023). "ExoClock Project. III. 450 New Exoplanet Ephemerides from Ground and Space Observations". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 265 (1) 4. arXiv:2209.09673. Bibcode:2023ApJS..265....4K. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac9da4. Vizier catalog entry

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GJ 1214

Nomenclature

Properties

Planetary system

See also

References

External links

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