Gōnō

The house of a nanushi, the Nishie House in Takahashi, Okayama Prefecture

Gōnō (豪農) were the upper-class peasantry in the late Edo period and early Meiji era Japan. They held considerable wealth and power in local communities, and aside from being major landowners, some owned small rural industries or served as village officials (such as nanushi).[1] They played an important role in the industrialization and development of capitalism in Japan.

History

Interior of the former Itō Bunkichi house (now the Northern Culture Museum)

In the early Edo period, most peasants managed small farms,[2] and the birth of gōnō is closely linked to the introduction of monetary economy in the mid-Edo period. The growing monetary economy caused social stratification among the peasantry, leading to the increase of wealthy peasants, the gōnō.[1] On the other hand, this also led to the birth of many tenant farmers. The gōnō received land rent from the tenant farmers and bought the majority of their produce by lending in advance to corner the market.[3]

Towards the end of the Edo period and the beginning of Meiji era, the gōnō became more and more dependent on employed labor. At the time, most gōnō owned about 5-10 hectares of land. Many gōnō became industrial landowners taking on silk farming and silk reeling.[1] In cooperation with the feudal lords, they were the pioneers of industrialization. They also played a central role in producing goods for the city merchants (chōnin).[3] They played an important role in political economy around the time of Meiji Restoration, and they are generally recognized to have been involved in the intrinsic development of capitalism.[2]

During the period of collapsing feudalism, there was a brief trend of gōnō rising to the lordly class. However, after the Meiji Restoration, when the conditions for modernization were met, they once again developed capitalistic qualities.[2]

In the early Meiji era, many gōnō became involved in the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, and especially the "gōnō rights". Such gōnō activists included Sugita Teiichi and Dogura Shōsaburō. Many gōnō began to demand a place for their opinions to be heard, such as a citizen assembly or a national diet, and criticized the Meiji oligarchy.[1]

However, in the late Meiji era, a new land ownership system was installed, which led to the recession of land productivity.[1] This, along with the collapse of the civil rights movement and the negative effects of Matsukata Deflation caused by the Satsuma Rebellion, drove the gōnō class into recession.[2] The new land ownership system, along with the financial complications, meant that land was given to many small tenant farmers who were freed from the productivity-focused gōnō. The gōnō thus became landlords earning their income from land rent instead of the production.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Nihon dai hyakka zensho. Shōgakkan, 小学館. 1989. 豪農. ISBN 4-09-526001-7. OCLC 14970117.
  2. ^ a b c d Gibney, Frank (1995). Britannica international encyclopaedia. Japan: TBS-BRITANNICA. 豪農. OCLC 55231838.
  3. ^ a b Maipedia shōhyakka jiten (in Japanese). Heibonsha. 1995. 豪農. OCLC 38516410.

Read other articles:

Star Fox 64

Star Fox 64 Sampul Amerika UtaraPublikasiJP: 27 April, 1997NA: 30 Juni 1997PAL: 4 Oktober 1997iQue PlayerCHN: November 2003GenreRail shooter, tembak-menembakLatar tempatStar Fox universe (en) Karakteristik teknisPlatformNintendo 64, iQue Player (en) dan Wii ModePermainan video pemain tunggal dan permainan video multipemain FormatROM cartridge, distribusi digital dan unduhan digital Metode inputgamepad Format kode Daftar 30 Informasi pengembangPengembangNintendo EADPenyuntingNintendo PengarahT...

 

Ulujami, Pemalang

UlujamiKecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan UlujamiNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TengahKabupatenPemalangPopulasi • Total107,898 jiwaKode Kemendagri33.27.13 Kode BPS3327130 Luas2.305 haDesa/kelurahan18 Desa Ulujami (Jawa: ꦈꦭꦸꦗꦩꦶ, translit. Ulujami) adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Pemalang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Ulujami berbatasan langsung di sebelah timur dengan Kabupaten Pekalongan. Pemerintahan Kecamatan Ulujami berada di Desa Rowosari Peninggalan Sejara...

 

The Disciples (novel)

1993 novel by Joe Andrew This article is about a novel. For other uses of Disciple, see Disciple (disambiguation). The Disciples AuthorJoe Andrew, V.C. AndrewsCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreSpy thriller, FictionPublished6 July 1993 Simon & Schuster (US)Media typePrint (Hardback)Pages432 pISBN978-0-671-79599-3 (US) The Disciples is a 1993 spy thriller by Joe Andrew, who was chairman of the 2000 Democratic National Convention, and V.C. Andrews.[1] Plot From the bookjac...

Rika Tachibana

Rika TachibanaRika Tachibana, 2012Nama asal立花 理香Lahir27 Februari 1987 (umur 37)Hiroshima, JepangPekerjaan seiyuu penyanyi model Tahun aktif2015–sekarangAgenPUGNUSTinggi155 cm (5 ft 1 in)Karier musikGenre J-pop InstrumenVokalTahun aktif2018–sekarang Rika Tachibana (立花 理香code: ja is deprecated , Tachibana Rika, lahir 27 Februari 1987) adalah seorang pengisi suara, penyanyi dan model asal Jepang. Dia bekerja pada agen bakat Holy Peak hingga 2018...

 

باسكال جانان

باسكال جانان   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 4 أبريل 1956 (العمر 68 سنة) مركز اللعب حارس مرمى الجنسية فرنسا  المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 1974–1981 أنجيه 159 (0) 1981–1984 غويونيون 79 (0) 1984 موناكو 0 (0) 1984–1987 أورليانز 90 (0) 1987–1988 نادي أبفيل [الإنجليزية]‏ 31 (0) 1988–1989 ستراسبورغ 5 (0) الف...

 

Kaitersberg

Mountain in Germany The Waldschmidt Monument The Rauchröhren The Kaitersberg is a low mountain crest up to 1,132 metres (3,714 ft) east of Bad Kötzting in the Bavarian Forest in southern Germany. Its long ridge runs eastwards towards the Großer Arber. The highest peak on the ridge is the 1,132 metre high Großer Riedelstein with its Waldschmidt monument. On another peak, the Mittagstein, 1,034 m (3,392 ft), is the Kötztinger Hütte, a restaurant and mountain hut. Other prom...

مسجد الحاج محمد سعيدا تشرخاب

مسجد الحاج محمد سعيدا تشرخاب معلومات عامة القرية أو المدينة أردكان، محافظة يزد الدولة  إيران تعديل مصدري - تعديل   مسجد الحاج محمد سعيدا تشرخاب هو مسجد تاريخي يعود إلى عصر القاجاريون، ويقع في أردكان.[1] مراجع ^ Encyclopaedia of the Iranian Architectural History. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organi...

 

Kasih Ibu

Untuk sinetron religi Islam produksi Amanah Surga Productions, lihat Setulus Kasih Ibu. Kasih IbuGenre Drama Religi PembuatSinemArtSutradaraMaruli AraPemeran Meriam Bellina Bobby Joseph Paula Tobing Billy Davidson Ketrin Agustine Joy Octaviano Jessica Lontoh Penggubah lagu temaNikitaLagu pembukaDi Doa Ibuku Namaku Disebut oleh NikitaLagu penutupDi Doa Ibuku Namaku Disebut oleh NikitaNegara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode14ProduksiProduser eksekutifElly Yanti ...

 

Singularity

Singularity ProjectSingularity after boot-up.Perusahaan / pengembangMicrosoft CorporationDiprogram dalamAssembly language, C, C++, C#, Sing#KeluargaLanguage-based operating systemsModel sumberShared sourceRilis final2.0 / 14 November 2008; 15 tahun lalu (2008-11-14)Dukungan platformx86Kernel typeMicrokernel Language basedAntarmuka bawaanCommand line interfaceLisensiMicrosoft Research LicenseSitus web resmihttp://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/singularity/ Singularity adalah s...

Interleukin-8 receptor

Interleukin-8 Receptor, alphaIdentifiersSymbolIL8RAAlt. symbolsCMKAR1, CXCR1, CKR-1, CDw128a, CD181Other dataLocusChr. 2 q35Interleukin-8 Receptor, betaIdentifiersSymbolIL8RBAlt. symbolsCXCR2, CKR-2, CDw128bOther dataLocusChr. 2 q35 Overview The interleukin-8 receptors (IL-8R) are two 7-transmembrane proteins in the G-protein coupled-receptor family:[1] interleukin-8 receptor A (IL-8RA) and interleukin-8 receptor B (IL-8RB). These receptors are generally found on human neutrophils, a ...

 

Tim nasional bola basket Tiongkok

Tiongkok 中国Peringkat FIBA14 2Bergabung dengan FIBA1970Zona FIBAFIBA AsiaFederasi nasionalChinese Basketball AssociationPelatih Gong LumingOlimpiade Musim PanasPenampilan8MedaliTidak adaPiala Dunia Bola Basket FIBAPenampilan8MedaliTidak adaKejuaraan AsiaPenampilan20Medali Emas: 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2011 Perak: 2009 Perunggu: 1985, 1997Asian GamesPenampilan11Medali Emas: 1978, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2006, 2010 Perak: 1982, 2002...

 

La Lechera

Nestle brand in spain La LecheraProduct typeDairy productsOwnerNestléProduced byNestléIntroduced1921; 103 years ago (1921)Related brandsLeite Moça, in BrazilMarketsLatin America, SpainWebsitegoodnes.com/lalechera La Lechera (lit. 'the milkmaid' in Spanish) or Leite Moça (in Portuguese) is a Nestlé brand, producing various dairy products. The brand was established in 1921[1] and markets its products in Latin America, Spain and also among Hispanic popul...

Навчально-науковий інститут інноваційних освітніх технологій Західноукраїнського національного університету

Навчально-науковий інститут інноваційних освітніх технологій Західноукраїнського національного університету Герб навчально-наукового інституту інноваційних освітніх технологій ЗУНУ Скорочена назва ННІІОТ ЗУНУ Основні дані Засновано 2013 Заклад Західноукраїнський �...

 

Benowo, Surabaya

Koordinat: 7°14′48″S 112°43′13″E / 7.2466056°S 112.7203012°E / -7.2466056; 112.7203012 Benowo Benawa ꦨꦼꦤꦮ Semanggi Suroboyo KecamatanPeta lokasi Kecamatan BenowoNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TimurKotaSurabayaPemerintahan • CamatDr. Denny Christupel TupamahuKode Kemendagri35.78.19 Kode BPS3578280 Desa/kelurahan4 Benowo (bahasa Jawa: ꦨꦼꦤꦮ, translit. Benawa, [bənɔwɔ]) adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kota Surabaya, Provins...

 

Android 12

Twelfth major version of the Android mobile operating system Operating system Android 12Version of the Android operating systemScreenshotDeveloperGoogleOS familyAndroidGeneralavailabilityOctober 4, 2021; 2 years ago (2021-10-04)[1]Latest release12.0.0_r59 (SSV1.210916.089)[2] / May 6, 2024; 24 days ago (2024-05-06)Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux)Preceded byAndroid 11Succeeded byAndroid 13Official websitewww.android.com/android-12/ Support statu...

Carbon tetroxide

CO4 redirects here. For the Colchester postal district, see CO postcode area. Carbon tetroxide Names IUPAC name C2v isomer: 1,2,3-Trioxetan-4-one Oxygen carbonate Monooxygen carbonate D2d isomer: Carbon diperoxide Other names C2v isomer: 4-Trioxetanone Trioxetan-4-one D2d isomer: 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxaspiro[2.2]pentane Identifiers CAS Number 853179-44-9 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image PubChem CID 22321311 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID901028836 InChI InChI=1S/CO4/c2-1-3-5-4-1Key: ITO...

 

List of golf courses in the Philippines

This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A golf course in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. This is a list of golf courses in the Philippin...

 

Moore's Ford lynchings

1946 mob lynchings in Georgia, United States 33°51′15″N 83°34′33″W / 33.85417°N 83.57583°W / 33.85417; -83.57583 Moore's Ford Lynchings Historical Marker The Moore's Ford lynchings, also known as the 1946 Georgia lynching, refers to the July 25, 1946, murders of four young African Americans by a mob of white men. Tradition says that the murders were committed on Moore's Ford Bridge in Walton and Oconee counties between Monroe and Watkinsville, but the four ...

Luxembourg aux Jeux olympiques de 1912

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le Luxembourg et les Jeux olympiques. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Luxembourg aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1912 Code CIO LUX Comité Comité olympique et sportif luxembourgeois Lieu Stockholm Participation 2e Athlètes 21 (dans 2 sports) Porte-drapeau Jean-Pierre Thommes (en) MédaillesRang : - Or0 Arg.0 Bron.0 Total0 Luxembourg aux Jeux olympique...

 

Порнографія

XXX — символ порнографії Порногра́фія (грец. πόρνη (порні) — «повія» і грец. γραφή  (графі) — писання) — натуралістичне зображення сексуальної практики в живописі, літературі, кіно, фотографії тощо, або словесне описання статевого акту, що мають за мету сексуа�...