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Frankenstein
Frankenstein
	Cover of a 1910 The Edison Kinetogram film catalog, featuring the first motion picture adaptation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.
Directed by	J. Searle Dawley
Written by	J. Searle Dawley
Based on	Frankenstein (1818 novel); by Mary Shelley
Produced by	Thomas Edison
Starring	Augustus Phillips; Charles Ogle; Mary Fuller
Cinematography	James White
Production; company	Edison Manufacturing Company
Distributed by	Edison Manufacturing Company
Release date	March 18, 1910;
Running time	16 minutes; (1 reel, 975 feet)
Country	United States
Language	Silent with English intertitles

PLAY film; runtime 00:12:10.

Frankenstein is a 1910 American short silent horror film produced by Edison Studios. It was directed by J. Searle Dawley, who also wrote the one-reeler's screenplay, broadly basing his "scenario" on Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus.^[4] This short motion picture is generally recognized by film historians as the first screen adaptation of Shelley's work. The small cast, who are not credited in the surviving 1910 print of the film, includes Augustus Phillips as Dr. Frankenstein, Charles Ogle as Frankenstein's monster, and Mary Fuller as the doctor's fiancée.^[5]

Plot

Described as "a liberal adaptation of Mrs. Shelley's famous story", the film shows young Frankenstein (his first name in the book, Victor, is never mentioned) discovering the "mystery of life" after two years at university. He gives life to a creature built by mixing different chemicals, and the monster follows Frankenstein back to his parents' house. The conclusion, completely different from Mary Shelley's book, shows the creature disappearing after seeing its own reflection in the mirror, and without killing Victor's younger brother or his fiancée Elizabeth, as happened in the novel.^[6]

The film's plot description in a 1910 issue of the studio's trade periodical Edison Kinetogram provides considerable detail about the company's screen adaptation:^[7]

Frankenstein, a young student, is seen bidding his sweetheart and father goodbye, as he is leaving home to enter a college in order to study the sciences. Shortly after his arrival at college he becomes absorbed in the mysteries of life and death to the extent of forgetting practically everything else. His great ambition is to create a human being, and finally one night his dream is realized. He is convinced that he has found a way to create a most perfect human being that the world has ever seen. We see his experiment commence and the development of it. The formation of the hideous monster from the blazing chemicals of a huge cauldron in Frankenstein's laboratory is probably the most weird, mystifying and fascinating scene ever shown on a film. To Frankenstein's horror, instead of creating a marvel of physical beauty and grace, there is unfolded before his eyes and before the audience an awful, ghastly, abhorrent monster. As he realizes what he has done, Frankenstein rushes from the room, only to have the misshapen monster peer at him through the curtains of his bed. He falls fainting to the floor, where he is found by his servant, who revives him.
Detail of monster featured on cover of the Edison Kinetogram, March 15, 1910

After a few weeks' illness, he returns home, a broken, weary man, but under the loving care of father and sweetheart he regains his health and strength and begins to take a less morbid view of life. In other words, the story of the film brings out the fact that the creation of the monster was only possible because Frankenstein had allowed his normal mind to be overcome by evil and unnatural thoughts. His marriage is soon to take place. But one evening, while sitting in his library, he chances to glance in the mirror before him and sees the reflection of the monster which has just opened the door of his room. All the terror of the past comes over him and, fearing lest his sweetheart should learn the truth, he bids the monster conceal himself behind the curtain while he hurriedly induces his sweetheart, who then comes in, to stay only a moment. Then follows a strong, dramatic scene. The monster, who is following his creator with the devotion of a dog, is insanely jealous of anyone else. He snatches from Frankenstein's coat the rose which his sweetheart has given him, and in the struggle throws Frankenstein to the floor, here the monster looks up and for the first time confronts his own reflection in the mirror. Appalled and horrified at his own image he flees in terror from the room. Not being able, however, to live apart from his creator, he again comes to the house on the wedding night and, searching for the cause of his jealousy, goes into the bride's room. Frankenstein coming into the main room hears a shriek of terror, which is followed a moment after by his bride rushing in and falling in a faint at his feet. The monster then enters and after overpowering Frankenstein's feeble efforts by a slight exercise of his gigantic strength leaves the house.
Here comes the point which we have endeavored to bring out, namely: That when Frankenstein's love for his bride shall have attained full strength and freedom from impurity it will have such an effect upon his mind that the monster cannot exist. This theory is clearly demonstrated in the next and closing scene, which has probably never been surpassed in anything shown on the moving picture screen. The monster, broken down by his unsuccessful attempts to be with his creator, enters the room, stands before a large mirror and holds out his arms entreatingly. Gradually, the real monster fades away, leaving only the image in the mirror. A moment later Frankenstein himself enters. As he stands directly before the mirror we are amazed to see the image of the monster reflected instead of Frankenstein's own. Gradually, however, under the effect of love and his better nature, the monster's image fades and Frankenstein sees himself in his young manhood in the mirror. His bride joins him, and the film ends with their embrace, Frankenstein's mind now being relieved of the awful terror and weight it has been laboring under for so long.^[8]

Cast

Mary Fuller as Elizabeth
Charles Stanton Ogle as The Monster
Augustus Phillips as Frankenstein

Production

J. Searle Dawley, working in his third year for Edison Studios, shot the film in three days at the company's Bronx facilities in New York City on January 13, 15 and 17, 1910.^[1]^[9] Staff writers for the Edison Kinetogram assured theatergoers in 1910 that the company's film adaptation was deliberately designed to de-emphasize the horrific aspects of Shelley's story and to focus instead on the tale's "mystic and psychological" elements:^[10]

In making the film the Edison Co. has carefully tried to eliminate all actual repulsive situations and to concentrate its endeavors upon the mystic and psychological problems that are to be found in this weird tale. Whenever, therefore, the film differs from the original story it is purely with the idea of elimination of what would be repulsive to a moving picture audience.^[8]

The creation of the monster scene involved the burning of a dummy while manipulating its arms and head, and then reversing the footage to show the creature taking shape from nothingness by bringing together ashes and fumes.^[11]

The film was reported in the Edison Kinetogram as having a length of 975 feet,^[3] giving it a runtime of approximately 16 minutes at silent film rates (16 FPS),^[2] or closer to eleven minutes at modern rates (24 FPS).^[3]

Reception

Newspapers and magazines of the time, such as New York newspapers The Film Index and The Moving Picture World, highlighted the monster creation scene as "the most remarkable ever committed to a film".^[6] After the film's official premiere, on April 9, The Moving Picture World published a negative review signed by W. Stephen Bush, probably one of the first critics to worry about what could be shown in films:

I have the sincerest admiration for the Edison and Vitagraph studios, but it must be said, with all due deference to these distinguished producers, that such films as 'Frankenstein' and 'The Mistery of Temple Court', while delightful literature to coroners, undertakers, gravediggers, and morgue-keepers, fail to please the general public. 'Fail to please' is putting it mildly. (…) Death scenes and executions are interesting historical reading, when well described, but a portrayal of these things on a living screen may well be dispensed with.

Music

Frankenstein was among the earliest silent films to have an associated cue sheet, providing suggested musical accompaniment.^[12] From the cue sheet:^[13]^[14]

At opening: Andante—"You Will Remember Me"
Till Frankenstein's laboratory: Moderato—"Melody in F"
Till monster is forming: Increasing agitato
Till monster appears over bed: Dramatic music from "Der Freischütz"
Till father and girl in sitting room: Moderato
Till Frankenstein returns home: Andante—"Annie Laurie"
Till monster enters Frankenstein's sitting room: Dramatic—"Der Freischütz"
Till girl enters with teapot: Andante—"Annie Laurie"
Till monster comes from behind curtains: Dramatic—"Der Freischütz"
Till wedding guests are leaving: Bridal Chorus from "Lohengrin"
Till monster appears: Dramatic—"Der Freischütz"
Till Frankenstein enters: Agitato
Till monster appears: Dramatic—"Der Freischütz"
Till monster vanishes into mirror: Diminishing Agitato

The pieces include "You'll Remember Me" from the 1843 opera The Bohemian Girl, the 1852 "Melody in F", "dramatic music" (presumably the "Wolf's Glen" scene) from the 1821 opera Der Freischütz, the 1835 song "Annie Laurie", and the Bridal Chorus from the 1850 opera Lohengrin.^[15]

Copyright status

The film, just as all other motion pictures released before 1930, is now in the public domain in the United States.

Rediscovery and preservation

For many years, it was believed a lost film. In 1963, a plot description and stills (below) were discovered published from the March 15, 1910, issue of the film catalog The Edison Kinetogram.^[16] For many years, these images were the only widely available visual record of the Charles Ogle version of the monster.

In the early 1950s, a print of this film was purchased by a Wisconsin film collector, Alois F. Dettlaff, from his mother-in-law, who also collected films.^[17] He did not realize its rarity until many years later. Its existence was first revealed in the mid-1970s. Although somewhat deteriorated, the film was in viewable condition, complete with titles and tints as seen in 1910. Dettlaff had a 35 mm preservation copy made in the late 1970s. He also issued a DVD release of 1,000 copies.^[18]

BearManor Media released the public domain film in a restored edition on March 18, 2010, alongside the novel Edison's Frankenstein, which was written by Frederick C. Wiebel, Jr.^[19]

In 2016, the film society of the University of Geneva undertook their own restoration of the film, with image restoration by Julien Dumoulin and an original soundtrack by Nicolas Hafner,^[20] performed on a Wurlitzer theatre organ located at College Claparède.^[21] The restored version of the film was shown on 10 October 2016.^[22]

On November 15, 2018, in recognition of Mary Shelly's bicentennial, the Library of Congress announced via a blog post that it had completed a full restoration of the short film, having purchased the Dettlaff collection in 2014. The restoration was made available to the general public for streaming and downloading via its YouTube channel and online National Screening Room, as well as in the blog post announcing the restoration's completion. A new soundtrack was scored and performed by Donald Sosin.^[23]

The monster, white faced and wrapped in rags, standing in a sitting room, arm outstretched — A still showing Charles Stanton Ogle as the monster.

Comic book adaptation

In 2003 Chris Yambar and Robb Bihun published the graphic novel Edison Frankenstein 1910, directly based on the 1910 Frankenstein film adaptation.^[24]^[25]^[26]

References

^ ^a ^b "Frankenstein", Film, Video Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Kinnard, Roy (1995). Horror in Silent Films. McFarland and Company Inc. p. 35. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dixon, Wheeler Winston (17 April 2017). "The Ghost of Frankenstein: The Monster in the Digital Age". Quarterly Review of Film. 34 (6). Taylor & Francis: 510. doi:10.1080/10509208.2017.1313030. S2CID 194680289. The film runs 975 feet on 35 mm, or about 11 minutes at today's standardized projection speed of 24 frames a second, and tells the story of the novel in 25 individual tableaux, each of which advances the plot with dizzying speed.
^ "Movie Reviews". The New York Times. October 24, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
^ Picart, Caroline Joan; Smoot, Frank; Blodgett, Jayne (2001). The Frankenstein Film Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-313-31350-9.
^ ^a ^b Guerra, Felipe M. (2021). "The Death and Resurrection of Frankenstein's First Film Adaptation". FanFare. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
^ Ackerman, Forrest J, ed. (January 1964). "The Return of Frankens-ten". Famous Monsters of Filmland. No. 26. Philadelphia: Warren Publishing Co. p. 57.
^ ^a ^b Staff Writer (15 March 1910). "Frankenstein". Edison Kinetogram. Vol. 2, no. 4. pp. 3–4.
^ Grove, Martin (2010). "Q&A with Artist-Writer Frederick C. Wiebel, Jr". ZAMM. Parero Design Group. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
^ Laird, Karen (28 August 2015). The Art of Adapting Victorian Literature, 1848-1920: Dramatizing Jane Eyre, David Copperfield, and The Woman in White. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-4724-2439-6.
^ Enyedi, Delia (2021). "Voiceless Screams: Pictorialism as Narrative Strategy in Horror Silent Cinema" (PDF). Acta University Sapientiae: Film and Media Studies. 19. Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania: 66, 71. doi:10.2478/ausfm-2021-0005. ISSN 2065-5924. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
^ Boller, Paul F. (31 May 2013). Memoirs of an Obscure Professor. TCU Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-87565-557-4.
^ Wierzbicki, James (21 January 2009). Film Music: A History. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-135-85143-9.
^ Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1997). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5.
^ Kalinak, Kathryn (1 May 2015). Sound: Dialogue, Music, and Effects. Rutgers University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8135-6428-9.
^ Ackerman, Forrest J, ed. (June 1963). "Frankenstein-1910!". Famous Monsters of Filmland. No. 23. Philadelphia: Warren Publishing Co. pp. 44–45.
^ Loohauis, Jackie (18 March 1985). "Step Aside, Boris: Edison's Frankenstein was first". Green Sheet. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12.
^ Jackie Loohauis, "A Horror Pioneer on Video", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, October 28, 1997.
^ Grove, Martin A. (12 March 2010). "'Frankenstein' breathes new life". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ Dumoulin, Julien (28 November 2016). "Frankenstein 1910". Université de Genève (in French). Retrieved 2017-05-29.
^ Jeffrey, Jenny (2017). "College Claparède Wurlitzer Turns 80". American Theatre Organ Society. Retrieved 2017-05-29.
^ Ciné-club (20 December 2016). "It's alive! Frankenstein au cinema" [It's Alive! Frankenstein in Theatres]. Université de Genève (in French). Retrieved 2017-05-29.
^ Maloney, Wendi (15 November 2018). "The First Film Version of Frankenstein, Newly Restored!". Library of Congress Blog. Library of Congress.
^ "Chris Yambar". Lambiek.net. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
^ "Robb Bihun". Lambiek.net. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
^ "In Time for Halloween, Yambar Presents 'Most Ambitious' Show Yet". 3 October 2019.