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François Athanase de Charette
François Athanase de Charette
	Portrait of Charette c. 1795
Nickname(s)	King of the Vendée
Born	2 May 1763; Couffé, Brittany
Died	29 March 1796 (aged 32); Nantes, Brittany
Allegiance	Kingdom of France; Royalist rebels
Service / branch	French Navy; Catholic and Royal Army
Years of service	1779–1796
Rank	Lieutenant General
Battles / wars	American Revolutionary War; War in the Vendée Battle of Nantes; Battle of Luçon; Battle of Tiffauges; Battle of Montaigu; Battle of Saint-Fulgent; First Battle of Noirmoutier; ;
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François Athanase de Charette de la Contrie (2 May 1763 – 29 March 1796) was a French military officer and politician. He served in the French Navy during the American Revolutionary War and was one of the leaders of the War in the Vendée against the French Revolutionary Army. His great-nephew Athanase-Charles-Marie Charette de la Contrie was a noted military leader and great-grandson of Charles X of France.^[1]

Life

Early activities

A nobleman born in Couffé, arrondissement of Ancenis, Charette served in the French Navy under Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, notably during the American War of Independence, and became lieutenant de vaisseau. He notably served on the 74-gun Hercule, under Puget-Bras.^[2]

Following the outbreak of the French Revolution, he quit the Navy in 1789 and emigrated to Koblenz (Trier) in 1792 (a common move for royalist aristocrats). He soon returned to France to live at his property in La Garnache, and became one of the royalist volunteers who assisted in defending King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette from physical harm during the mob attack on Tuileries Palace (the Insurrection of 10 August 1792); arrested in Angers, he was released through the intervention of Charles François Dumouriez.

Vendée War

In 1793, the War in the Vendée against the French First Republic broke out, and the peasant fighters asked Charette to be their leader. He joined Jacques Cathelineau following the taking of Saumur in June 1793 and fought in most of the battles of the Catholic and Royal Army. On 19 September 1793, he participated in the victorious Battle of Tiffauges. Afterwards he and Louis Marie de Lescure had marched on Saint-Fulgent to pursue Jean-Baptiste Kléber, who had escaped. Charette won another victory over the Republicans at the First Battle of Noirmoutier. Some of the captured soldiers took part in the Machecoul Massacres and a quarter of them were executed for retribution by Charette's troops, against his orders. After the parting of the Vendean leaders in September 1793, he and his men retreated. He became the leader of the Lower Vendée, and successfully used guerrilla warfare against the Republican troops, capturing a Republican camp in Saint-Christophe-du-Ligneron, near Challans, but ran out of supplies and was decisively attacked by the troops of Nicolas Haxo. Trapped in the Isle of Bouin, Charette, with the fellow leader Jean-Baptiste de Couëtus [fr] was informed of an escape route by a local to the isle. Leaving behind all guns, ammunition, horses, refugees and the wounded, Charette, Couëtus and their men swam through the marshes to Châteauneuf. By a chance stroke of luck, Charette met up with the army of Jean-Baptiste Joly [fr], and both he and Charette retaliated by circling Haxo, gaining back supplies and distracting the Republican army from the refugees.^[3] Haxo later attacked the Isle of Noirmoutier, with Louis Turreau [fr], which had been taken by Charette the month before, and after promising life to the inhabitants if they surrendered, against Haxo's command Turreau killed most men, women and children on the isle at the steps of the local church (La chapelle de la Pitié), including D'Elbée who had taken refuge there after sustaining 14 wounds at the Second Battle of Cholet.^[4]

After this, Charette's army returned and collected reinforcements; Revolutionary brutality and the 'infernal columns' sent by the Convention to destroy the Vendée forced many peasants to join Charette's army merely for safety.^[5] Charette won a victory at Saint-Fulgent, only to be chased into hiding in the forest of Grala.^[6] He emerged from it to attack Les Brouzils; he was wounded in the arm but kept on until the end of the fight. After obtaining food for his starving army, Charette was brought to La Morière, a convent near Machecoul, to recover from his wound; he was only able to rest there for a few days when his location was betrayed and the Republicans surrounded the convent. Warned, he was able to escape, but the nuns and a large number of the refugees who had come with Charette's army and had hidden in the church were massacred.^[7]^[8]

Defeat

On 17 February 1795, after being introduced to it by his sister, Charette signed the Treaty of La Jaunaye with the emissaries of the National Convention, which included freedom of religion guarantees and excluded the conscription of local peasants from the levée en masse. The republicans soon reneged on the terms of the treaty, repudiating the guarantees of religious freedom; and they began conscripting peasants once again. They also murdered thousands of royalist prisoners including the Bishop of Dol, Urbain-René de Hercé [fr]. Charette and his men returned to the fight again in July and moved to help the planned invasion at Quiberon by French royalist émigrés with assistance from the British Royal Navy.^{[citation needed]}

The Count of Artois, the Bourbon successor to the throne of France, made him Lieutenant General and gave orders to prepare for a royal return which, however, did not eventuate. Charette remained loyal to the old House of Bourbon and Catholicism, as did his men and most of the Vendean and Breton peasantry. He, and all the loyal royalists, later refused to join the liberal Orléanists. After the failure of the Quiberon expedition, Charette and his men were pursued by General Lazare Hoche. Charette was wounded but escaped. However, due to lack of munitions he was eventually captured outside La Chabotterie [fr] and taken to Nantes for a trial. He was sentenced to death by a republican court and then taken to the town square in procession for a public execution by firing squad.^[9] A plaque has been erected and still stands upon the place where he was shot. Today, memorial ceremonies continue to take place there.^{[citation needed]}

According to a contemporary writing in Walker's Hibernian Magazine, it was Charette who said, by way of extenuating the number of deaths for which he was responsible, "Omelets are not made without breaking eggs."^[10]

Charette was described by Napoleon as a great character and military leader who "shows genius".^[11]

Depictions in films and popular culture

Charette is a character in the episode "The Frogs and the Lobsters" of the Hornblower film/television series, played by John Shrapnel. Charette is a royalist general in exile who, with the support of the British Royal Navy, attempts and fails to rally the surviving royalists and raise an army in France to restore the king to power. Unlike his real-life counterpart, he shown as slain in battle defending a captured fortification and is also fluent in English in the television adaptation. He also dies roughly two years later than in history.

Charette has been since 2018 the lead character and his life story is depicted in the production of Le Dernier Panache ("The Last Plume"), at the French theme park Puy du Fou.

He appeared as protagonist of the 2022 film Vaincre ou mourir.^[12]^[13]

References

^ MacGregor, Mary. The Story of France. Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 464.
^ Dumarcet (1998).
^ Fighting the French Revolution by Rob Harper, pp. 220–225
^ "Elbee Maurice Gigost d' - Tombes Sépultures dans les cimetières et autres lieux". www.tombes-sepultures.com.
^ Fighting the French Revolution, Rob Harper, pp. 291–296
^ La Vendée historique, pp. 413–414
^ "Les souvenirs de Marie Lourdais..." Chemins secrets.
^ "La Vendée historique". M. Bideaux. 16 March 1899 – via Google Books.
^ George J. Hill, The Story of the War in La Vendée and the Little Chouannerie (New York: D. & J. Sadlier & Co. n.d.), pp. 222–227.[1]
^ "Some particulars respecting the Capture and Death of Charette, the famous Royalist General of La Vendée; with sketches of his character." Walker's Hibernian Magazine, 1796, p. 410. [2]
^ « Oui, Charette me laisse l'impression d'un grand caractère, je lui vois faire des choses d'une énergie, d'une audace peu communes, il laisse percer du génie. » Napoleon quoted by Emmanuel, comte de Las Cases, The Memorial of Saint Helena, Volume VII, p. 237
^ Martin, Jean-Clément. "Film de propagande ? On a vu "Vaincre ou mourir" avec Jean-Clément Martin, spécialiste des guerres de Vendée".
^ "Avis sur le film Vide sidéral Vaincre ou mourir (2023) - Vide sidéral".

Sources

Anne Bernet, Charette, Perrin, 2005
Dumarcet, Lionel (1998). François Athanase Charette de la Contrie : une histoire véritable. Paris : Le Grand livre du mois. ISBN 9782702818497. OCLC 468220116.
Michel de Saint-Pierre, Monsieur de Charette, La Table Ronde, 1977
George J. Hill, The Story of the War in La Vendée and the Little Chouannerie (New York: D. & J. Sadlier & Co. n.d.)