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Fort McHenry Tunnel
	Southbound tunnel, Bore 2
Overview
Location	Baltimore Harbor
Coordinates	39°15′39.2″N 76°34′36.3″W / 39.260889°N 76.576750°W
Route	I-95
Start	Locust Point
End	Canton
Operation
Constructed	1980–1985
Opened	November 23, 1985; 38 years ago
Owner	Maryland Transportation Authority
Traffic	Automotive
Character	Highway
Toll	Passenger cars:; $3 Maryland E-ZPass; $4 non-Maryland E-ZPass; $6 Video toll
Vehicles per day	115,000
Technical
Length	1.5 miles (2.4 km)
No. of lanes	8 lanes in 4 tubes
Operating speed	55 miles per hour (89 km/h)
Lowest elevation	107 feet (33 m) below harbor water surface
Tunnel clearance	13.6 feet (4.1 m)
Width	26 feet (7.9 m)
Route map

The Fort McHenry Tunnel is a four-tube, bi-directional tunnel that carries traffic on Interstate 95 (I-95) underneath the Baltimore Harbor. Named for nearby Fort McHenry, the tunnel is the lowest point in the Interstate Highway System under water.^[2]

Construction began in May 1980; the tunnel opened on November 23, 1985. Having consumed some $750 million (equivalent to $2.1 billion in 2023), it was the most expensive Interstate project until surpassed by the Big Dig in Boston.^[3] As of 2009^[update], it was used by 43.4 million vehicles annually.^{[needs update]}

Tolls are collected in both directions. The toll for cars is $3 with a Maryland E-ZPass and $4 with another state's E-ZPass. Vehicles without an E-ZPass pay more, as do those with more than two axles—up to $45 for a 6+ axle vehicle without an E-ZPass.^[4] All-electronic tolling using E-ZPass or toll-by-plate started in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and was made permanent in August 2020.^[5] A project to demolish the toll plaza and replace it with overhead gantries for open road tolling started in 2022.^[6]

Location

Northbound trip through tunnel
(View in high quality)

The tunnel crosses the Patapsco River, just south of Fort McHenry; it connects the Locust Point and Canton areas of Baltimore City.

Design and construction

Plans for a second crossing of the Baltimore Harbor that would become the Fort McHenry Tunnel began in the late 1960s. Early plans called for an 8-lane double-deck bridge to carry I-95 over the harbor just south of Fort McHenry. In 1975, plans were changed to a tunnel after it was determined that a bridge would hurt Fort McHenry's status as a national monument.

The state of Maryland originally intended to build the tunnel with a reinforced concrete box design, but plans were changed in February 1976 to use a steel tubular design after a dispute with the Federal Highway Administration. The tunnel was to be constructed using the immersed tube method, with prefabricated tubes sunken into the harbor.^[7]

Construction began in May 1980 by K-R-T (a joint venture between Peter Kiewit Sons Company, Raymond International Builders, and Tidewater Construction Corporation), and was completed in November 1985. Ninety percent of construction costs were covered by federal funding, while 10 percent came from state funding. The tunnel consists of 32 tube sections, each 82 feet (25 m) wide and 42 feet (13 m) tall. The east and west approaches are 1,600 feet (490 m) and 3,200 feet (980 m) long, respectively.^[8]

Opened on time and under budget, the tunnel closed a gap in I-95 through Maryland.^[9] Soon after the Fort McHenry Tunnel opened, the nearby Baltimore Harbor Tunnel, which had opened to traffic in 1957, was extensively rehabilitated.

The Fort McHenry Tunnel continues to be a vital transportation link in the Mid-Atlantic region. After the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapsed on March 26, 2024, the tunnel became one of the primary alternate routes for drivers and trucks containing non-hazardous loads.^[10]