Foreign relations of the Comoros

Politics of the Comoros

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Elections
Autonomous islands
Foreign relations

In November 1975, Comoros became the 143rd member of the United Nations. The new nation was defined as consisting of the entire archipelago, despite the fact that France maintains control over Mayotte.

Overview

Comoros also is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, the European Development Fund, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Indian Ocean Commission, and the African Development Bank.

The government fostered close relationships with the more conservative (and oil-rich) Arab states, such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.[1] It frequently received aid from those countries and the regional financial institutions they influenced, such as the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development.[1] In October 1993, Comoros joined the League of Arab States, after having been rejected when it applied for membership initially in 1977.[1]

Regional relations generally were good.[1] In 1985 Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles agreed to admit Comoros as the fourth member of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), an organization established in 1982 to encourage regional cooperation.[1] In 1993 Mauritius and Seychelles had two of the five embassies in Moroni, and Mauritius and Madagascar were connected to the republic by regularly scheduled commercial flights.[1]

In November 1975, Comoros became the 143d member of the UN. In the 1990s, the republic continued to represent Mahoré in the UN.[1] Comoros was also a member of the OAU, the EDF, the World Bank, the IMF, the IOC, and the African Development Bank.[1]

Comoros thus cultivated relations with various nations, both East and West, seeking to increase trade and obtain financial assistance.[1] In 1994, however, it was increasingly facing the need to control its expenditures and reorganize its economy so that it would be viewed as a sounder recipient of investment.[1] Comoros also confronted domestically the problem of the degree of democracy the government was prepared to grant to its citizens, a consideration that related to its standing in the world community.[1]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which the Comoros maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  China 13 November 1975[2]
2  North Korea 13 November 1975[3]
3  Syria 25 November 1975[4]
4  Russia 6 January 1976[5]
5  Libya 1 April 1976[6]
6  Kuwait 3 May 1976[7]
7  Iraq 1 June 1976[8]
8  Czech Republic 7 June 1976[9]
9  Egypt 28 June 1976[10]
10  India June 1976[11]
11  Senegal 10 July 1976[12]
12  Romania 12 August 1976[13]
13  Iran September 1976[14]
14  Italy 1 November 1976[15]
15  Madagascar 12 November 1976[16]
16  Belgium 15 November 1976[17]
17  Serbia 24 November 1976[18]
18  Cuba 21 December 1976[19]
19  Tanzania 1976[20]
20  Tunisia 1976[21]
21  Netherlands 21 February 1977[22]
22   Switzerland 1 March 1977[23]
23  United Arab Emirates 2 June 1977[24]
24  Bulgaria 6 June 1977[25]
25  Poland 6 June 1977[26]
26  Canada 16 June 1977[27]
27  United States 15 August 1977[28]
28  United Kingdom 3 October 1977[29]
29  Japan 14 November 1977[30]
30  Hungary 30 November 1977[31]
31  Finland 19 December 1977[32]
32  Sweden 1977[33]
33  Luxembourg 1 February 1978[34]
34  Germany 2 February 1978[35]
35  France 3 July 1978[36]
36  Morocco 1978[37]
37  South Korea 19 February 1979[38]
38  Algeria 27 February 1979[39]
39  Turkey 22 August 1979[40]
40  Oman 9 January 1981[41]
41  Guinea 11 August 1981[42]
42  Denmark 1 December 1981[43]
43  Nigeria 5 November 1982[44]
44  Spain 1 March 1983[45]
45  Indonesia 19 March 1983[46]
46  Maldives 20 July 1983[47]
47  Australia 27 July 1983[48]
48  Pakistan 19 October 1983[49]
49  Djibouti 29 March 1984[50]
50  Bahrain 1984[51]
51  Saudi Arabia 1984[52]
52  Yemen 6 January 1985[53][54]
53  Mauritius 25 February 1985[55]
54  Mozambique 20 June 1985[56]
55  Thailand 15 July 1986[32]
56  Seychelles 30 June 1988[57]
57  Argentina 28 September 1988[32]
58  Colombia 3 October 1988[32]
59  Bolivia 3 April 1989[58]
60  Venezuela 26 October 1990[59]
—  State of Palestine 1990[60]
61  Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 December 1992[61]
62  South Africa 14 May 1993[62]
63  Ukraine 23 July 1993[63]
64  Portugal 27 December 1996[32]
65  Brunei 16 February 1999[32]
66  Croatia 29 June 1999[64]
67  North Macedonia 29 June 2000[65]
68  Malaysia 2000[66]
69  Iceland 29 October 2004[32]
70  Angola 22 December 2004[67]
71  Brazil 25 March 2005[68]
72  Uzbekistan 21 May 2005[69]
73  Zambia 22 February 2007[70]
74  Austria 8 March 2007[71]
75  Armenia 2 July 2008[32]
76  Andorra 8 July 2008[32]
77  Mexico 13 October 2008[32]
78  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 24 September 2008[32]
79  Uruguay 14 May 2009[72]
80  Azerbaijan 1 January 2010[32]
81  Cambodia 22 February 2010[32]
82  Latvia 24 February 2010[73]
83  Georgia 26 March 2010[32]
84  Estonia 30 November 2010[74]
85  Montenegro 9 February 2011[32]
86  Solomon Islands 14 February 2011[32]
87  Slovenia 25 April 2011[32]
88  Sudan 16 August 2011[75]
89  Philippines 25 November 2011[76]
90  Mongolia 5 December 2011[32]
91  Kazakhstan 29 March 2012[32]
92  Tuvalu 5 April 2012[32]
93  Equatorial Guinea 29 August 2012[77]
94  Singapore 8 April 2013[78]
95  Lithuania 26 September 2013[32]
96  Fiji 7 November 2013[32]
97  Bangladesh 14 October 2014[79]
98  Ghana 5 July 2015[80]
99  Vietnam 24 September 2015[32]
100  Ecuador 15 October 2015[32]
101  Ivory Coast 16 February 2016[81]
102  Mali 16 February 2016[82]
103  Mauritania 19 October 2016[83]
104  Slovakia 6 June 2017[84]
105  Ireland 2017[85]
106  Benin 17 May 2018[86]
107  South Sudan 17 May 2018[87]
108  Tajikistan 17 August 2018[32]
109  Jordan 2 September 2018[88]
110  Botswana 26 September 2018[32]
111  Uganda 24 October 2018[89]
112  Norway 28 June 2019[90]
113  Nicaragua 18 September 2019[32]
114  Niger 21 November 2020[91]
115  Gambia 11 October 2021[92]
116  Namibia 20 October 2021[93]
117  Rwanda 16 January 2023[94]
118  Republic of the Congo 3 February 2023[95]
119  Kenya 1 September 2023[96]
120  Cape Verde 25 April 2024[32]
121  Saint Kitts and Nevis 28 September 2024[97]
122  Burkina Faso Unknown
123  Burundi Unknown
124  Democratic Republic of the Congo Unknown
125  Ethiopia Unknown
126  Greece Unknown
127  Lebanon Unknown

Bilateral relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Belgium 15 November 1976
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 1976[17]
  • Comoros maintains an embassy in Brussels.[98]
 China 13 November 1975 See China–Comoros relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1975[2]

Comoros also hosted an embassy of China, which established relations during the Soilih regime.[1] The Chinese had long been a source of aid and apparently wished to maintain contact with Comoros to counterbalance Indian and Soviet (later Russian) influence in the Indian Ocean.[1]

In August 2008, a Comorian delegation visited China on a good-will visit. Together with the Chinese defense minister Liang Guanglie, and Chief of Staff of the Comoros armed forces Salimou Mohamed Amiri, pledged to increase cooperation between the military of the two nations. Amiri stated that Comoros will continue to adhere to the One-China policy.[99]

A comprehensive Chinese-assisted treatment campaign has apparently eliminated malaria from the Comorian island of Moheli (population 36,000). Administered by Li Guoqiao at the Tropical Medicine Institute, the program relies on hybrid Artemisia annua of hybrid ancestry, which was used for a drug regimen by which all residents of the island, whether or not visibly ill, took two doses at a 40-day interval. This eliminated the human reservoir of the disease and reduced hospital admissions to 1% or less of January 2008 levels. Visitors to Moheli are now required to take antimalarial drugs, a mix of artemisinin, primaquine and pyrimethamine that China provides for free. When asked about Artemisia exports, Li was quoted, "We want to grow them in China and whatever we export depends on bilateral relationships." Comoros has requested a similar program for Grande Comore and Anjouan, total population 760,000, and Li said that Beijing has agreed in principle.[100][101]

 Democratic Republic of Congo The countries maintain diplomatic relations and Congolese President Félix Tshisekedi visited Comoros in 2023.[102]
 Cyprus

Cyprus is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Pretoria.[103]

 Denmark 1 December 1981[104]

Denmark is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.[105]

 Finland 19 December 1977

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1977[106]

Comoros is represented in Finland by its embassy in Paris, France.[107]

 France 1 July 1978 See France–Comoros relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1978[108]

Comoros' most significant international relationship is that with France.[1] The three years of estrangement following the unilateral declaration of independence and the nationalistic Soilih regime were followed during the conservative Abdallah and Djohar regimes by a period of growing trade, aid, cultural, and defense links between the former colony and France, punctuated by frequent visits to Paris by the head of state and occasional visits by the French president to Moroni.[1] The leading military power in the region, France has detachments on Mahoré and Réunion, and its Indian Ocean fleet sails the waters around the islands.[1] France and Comoros signed a mutual security treaty in 1978; following the mercenary coup against Abdallah in 1989, French troops restored order and took responsibility for reorganizing and training the Comorian army.[1] With Mahoré continuing to gravitate politically and economically toward France, and Comoros increasingly dependent on the French for help with its own considerable social, political, and economic problems, the issue of Mahoré diminished somewhat in urgency.[1]

Comoros claims French-administered Mayotte & the Glorioso Islands.

 India 4 June 1976 See Comoros–India relations
 Indonesia 23 June 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1983[110]
 Ireland 24 October 2018

Ireland is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.[112]

 Italy 1 November 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1976[113]
 Japan 14 November 1977[117]

Comorian relations with Japan were also significant because Japan was the second largest provider of aid, consisting of funding for fisheries, food, and highway development.[1]

 Libya 1 April 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1976[118]
 Malaysia 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2000.[119]
 Mexico 13 October 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 2008[120]
  • The Comoros does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to the Comoros from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[121]
 Morocco The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and signed 11 agreements in 2022.[122]
 Netherlands 21 February 1977
 Niger The two countries maintain cordial relations.[125]
 North Korea See Comoros–North Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on November 13, 1975.[126]

 Qatar See Comoros–Qatar relations

Comoros severed the diplomatic relations with Qatar in June 2017.[127]

 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Comoros.[128]
 Serbia 24 November 1976

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1976.[129]

Serbia is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[130][131]

 South Africa 14 May 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 1993[132]

The close relationship Comoros developed with South Africa in the 1980s was much less significant to both countries in the 1990s.[1] With the reform of its apartheid government, South Africa no longer needed Comoros as evidence of its ostensible ability to enjoy good relations with a black African state; the end of the Cold War had also diminished Comoros' strategic value to Pretoria.[1] Although South Africa continued to provide developmental aid, it closed its consulate in Moroni in 1992.[1] Since the 1989 coup and subsequent expulsion of South African-financed mercenaries, Comoros likewise turned away from South Africa and toward France for assistance with its security needs.[1]

 Turkey 22 August 1979[133] See Comoros–Turkey relations
 Ukraine 23 July 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on July 23, 1993.[135]
  • Comoros has an honorary consulate in Kyiv.[136]
  • Ukraine is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[137]
 United Kingdom 3 October 1977

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1977.[29]

Great-Britain is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Antananarivo, Madagascar.[138]

 United States 15 August 1977 See Comoros–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1977.[139]

The American Embassy at Moroni was established on August 26, 1985, with Edward Brynn as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. The American Embassy at Moroni was closed on September 30, 1993. Subsequent American Ambassadors to Comoros also have been accredited to Mauritius, and resident at Port Louis. On March 6, 2006, responsibilities for Comoros were transferred from Embassy Port Louis to Embassy Antananarivo. The two countries enjoy friendly relations.[1] The historic under-commitment by the US within France's sphere of interest in the Indian Ocean looks set to continue after a November 2009 meeting between heads of state.[140] Future friendly relations continue to look promising between the Comoros and America.

 Uzbekistan 21 May 2005
 Yemen 6 January 1985

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 January 1985[143]

In April 2008, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation of Yemen and Comoros Ministry of Fishery and Environment signed a "Memo of Understanding" (MOU) concerning agricultural cooperation.[144]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  2. ^ a b "Comoros". china.org.cn. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  3. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  4. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1975. p. 3841.
  5. ^ Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945-1980. Progress Publishers. 1981. p. 667.
  6. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1976. p. 223.
  7. ^ MEED Arab Report. Middle East Economic Digest Limited. 1976. p. 285.
  8. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4072.
  9. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  10. ^ MEED Arab Report. Middle East Economic Digest Limited, 1976. p. 377.
  11. ^ "Briefs on Foreign Relations". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Republique du Senegal Ministere Des Affaires Etrangeres" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-11.
  13. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  14. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1977. Выпуск двадцать первый: Часть II - Зарубежные страны: Австралия-Лихтенштейн" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 276. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  15. ^ "1976 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia" (PDF). farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 159. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  16. ^ "Madagascar: Comores-Madagascar - Réunion d'une commission mixte avant-hier". allAfrica (in French). 16 October 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  17. ^ a b Emma Best (1977). Comoros: Belgian formula on recognition. state-department; nationalsecurityarchive; additional_collections.
  18. ^ "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  19. ^ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. pp. 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019.
  20. ^ Afrique & Moyen-Orient (in French). 2007. p. 269.
  21. ^ "Relations Tunisie - Union des Comores". Archived from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
  22. ^ Afrique nouvelle Issues 1436-1460 (in French). 1977. p. 7. Les Comores et les Pays- Bas ont décidé depuis le 21 février d'établir des rela- tions diplomatiques au ni- veau d'ambassadeurs.
  23. ^ "Etablissement des relations diplomatiques entre la Suisse et l'État comorien". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  24. ^ Revue française d'études politiques africaines Issues 138-144 (in French). Société africaine d'édition. 1977. p. 25.
  25. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  26. ^ "Komory" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  27. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  28. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  29. ^ a b Revue française d'études politiques africaines Issues 138-144 (in French). Société africaine d'édition. 1977. p. 10.
  30. ^ "Countries & Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  31. ^ Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1968-2010 Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv, 1977 (in Hungarian). pp. 47 (89).
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Diplomatic relations between Comoros and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  33. ^ "Sveriges statskalender / 1978 / Comorerna" (in Swedish). p. 439. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  34. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1978_4" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 38. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  35. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  36. ^ "LA FRANCE ET LES COMORES ÉTABLISSENT DES RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES" (in French). 3 July 1978. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  37. ^ "Politique étrangère du Maroc" (in French). p. 33. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  38. ^ "Countries & Regions". Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  39. ^ Slimane Chikh (1980). Le Maghreb et l'Afrique subsaharienne (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p. 10.
  40. ^ The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras. 1979. p. 4.
  41. ^ Joseph A. Kechichian. "Countries with which Oman has diplomatic relations" (PDF). Oman and the World The emergence of an independent foreign policy. pp. 319–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  42. ^ Le mois en Afrique Issues 188-193 (in French). 1981. p. 155.
  43. ^ Le Mois en Afrique (211-216) (in French). 1982. p. 174. Le Danemark a établi, à compter du 1" décembre, des relations diplomatiques avec la République des Comores.
  44. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 7171-7218. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1982. pp. Page 8.
  45. ^ "Ficha de paises y territorios" (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  46. ^ Asian Almanac: Weekly Abstract of Asian Affairs. V.T. Sambandan. 1983. p. 11803.
  47. ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  48. ^ "Vol. 54 No. 7 (July 1983)". nla.gov.au. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  49. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East - Part 3. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1983. p. 8.
  50. ^ "Etat des relations". Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti (in French). Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  51. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  52. ^ al-Yamāmah, 795–808 (in Arabic). 1984. p. 22. جلالة الملك فهد بن عبد العزيز المفدى بمكتبه بالديوان الملكي بعد ظهر الاربعاء الماضي اوراق اعتماد سفيري كل من جمهورية جزر القمر الاتحادية الاسلامية ابراهيم عبد الله ابراهيم..
  53. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 7837-7863. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1985. p. 6.
  54. ^ "Chronologies Dans Monde Arabe 1985/2 (N°108)". La Documentation française (in French). p. 88. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  55. ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 31-36. Foreign Broadcast Information Service., 1985. p. 22.
  56. ^ Africa Today. Africa Today Associates. 1986. p. 68.
  57. ^ The Annual Register. Vol. 230. 1989. p. 232.
  58. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Bolivia and Comoros as of 3 Apr. 1989". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  59. ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
  60. ^ "Konflik Gaza bisa menyebar" (in Indonesian). 12 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020.
  61. ^ "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  62. ^ "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  63. ^ "Договірно-правова база між Україною та країнами відповідальності". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  64. ^ "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  65. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  66. ^ "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara - negara luar" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  67. ^ "Angola: Ambassador to Comores Received By Local Head of State". allAfrica. 22 December 2004. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  68. ^ Randig, Rodrigo Wiese (2017). "Argentina, primeiro país a reconhecer a independência do Brasil" (PDF) (in Portuguese). pp. 523–524. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  69. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  70. ^ "Le premier Ambassadeur de la République de Zambie, SEM le Professeur Royson M. Mukwena a présenté ses lettres de créance à SEM Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, Président de l'Union des Comores". beit-salam.km (in French). Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  71. ^ "Island States". Austrian Embassy Nairobi. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  72. ^ "La Política Exterior de Uruguay hacia los países africanos durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio (2005-2017): ¿construcción de nuevas relaciones Sur-Sur?" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2019. p. 225.
  73. ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  74. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  75. ^ "Le nouvel ambassadeur de la République du Soudan a présenté ses lettres de créance au Chef de l'Etat". beit-salam.km (in French). Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  76. ^ "Le Chef de l'Etat a reçu les lettres de créance du nouvel Ambassadeur de la République de Philippines en Union des Comores". beit-salam.km (in French). Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  77. ^ "Mise en place des relations diplomatiques entre les Comores et la Guinee Equatoriale". HABARI ZA COMORES (in French). 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  78. ^ "Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. p. 60. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  79. ^ "Le nouvel Ambassadeur de Bangladesh a presente ses Lettres de creance". HABARI ZA COMORES (in French). 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  80. ^ "Kwesi Ahwoi is Ghana's first Ambassador to Comoros". City 97.3 fm. 5 July 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  81. ^ "Discours du president Dhoinine a l'occasion de la presentation des lettres de Creance de l'Ambassadeur de la Republique de Cote d'Ivoire pres l'Union des Comores". habarizacomores.com (in French). 20 February 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  82. ^ "Le nouvel Ambassadeur de la Republique du Mali a presente ses lettres de creance au Chef de l'Etat SE. Dr. IKILILOU Dhoinine". HABARI ZA COMORES (in French). 20 February 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  83. ^ "L'ambassadeur de Mauritanie présente ses lettres de créance au président de la République Fédérale des Comores". Agence Mauritanienne d'information (in French). 20 October 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  84. ^ "L'Ambassadeur de la Slovaquie a présenté ses lettres de créance au Chef de l'Etat". beit-salam.km (in French). 6 June 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  85. ^ "Ireland in Burundi, Seychelles, Democratic Republic of Congo and Comoros". Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  86. ^ "S.E.M Eric Frank SAIZONOU nouvel Ambassadeur du Bénin en Union des Comores". beit-salam.km (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  87. ^ "Le 1er Ambassadeur du Soudan du Sud accrédité en Union des Comores a présenté ses Lettres de Créance".
  88. ^ "King accepts newly appointed ambassadors to Jordan". Roya News. 2 September 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  89. ^ "SEM. Richard Tumusiime Kabonero, nouvel Ambassadeur de la République d'Ouganda en Union des Comores". Beit-Salam - Présidence de l'Union des Comores (in French). 24 October 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  90. ^ "Son Excellence Madame Elisabeth JACOBSEN, nouvelle Ambassadrice du Royaume de Norvège en Union des Comores" (in French). 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  91. ^ "Un nouvel ambassadeur du Niger accrédité aux Comores" (in French). 23 November 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  92. ^ "Etablissement des relations diplomatiques entre Banjul et Moroni". facebook.com/ortegaliveofficiel. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  93. ^ "Le nouvel Ambassadeur de la Namibie, SEM Lebbius Tangeni TOBIAS a présenté ses Lettres de Créance au Chef de l'Etat S.E.M AZALI Assoumani". Archived from the original on 2022-02-25.
  94. ^ "Signature d'un accord de coopération entre les Comores et le Rwanda" (in French). Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  95. ^ "Le President AZALI Assoumani a recu ce matin, les lettres de creances, accreditant aupres de l'Union des Comores, Mr Constant-Serge BOUNDA, Ambassadeur Extraordinaire et Plenipotentiaire de la Republique du Congo, avec residence a Maputo (Mozambique)". ACMC Mbeni is on Facebook (in French). February 3, 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  96. ^ "Kenya is committed to stronger diplomatic ties". president.go.ke. September 1, 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  97. ^ "Assemblée Générale des Nations-Unies : Signature d'établissement de relations diplomatiques entre l'Union des Comores et Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis" (in French). 28 September 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  98. ^ "AMBASSADE DES COMORES EN BELGIQUE" (in French). Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  99. ^ "Chinese defense minister meets Comoros army chief_English_Xinhua". 2008-10-22. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  100. ^ Africa: Ending Malaria in Sight? AfricaFocus Bulletin, [email protected], 2009-11-30.
  101. ^ David Lague (2007-06-05). "On island off Africa, China tries to wipe out malaria". New York Times.
  102. ^ "DRC President Tshisekedi visits Comoros to meet his counterpart Assoumani". 10 February 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  103. ^ "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Bilateral Relations". Mfa.gov.cy. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  104. ^ Le Danemark a établi, à compter du 1" décembre, des relations diplomatiques avec la République des Comores. Le Mois en Afrique (211–216) (in French). 1982. p. 174.
  105. ^ Sites, Manage One Pages. "Danmark i Comorerne". Manage One Pages Sites. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  106. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Comoros and Finland as of 19 Dec. 1977". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  107. ^ "Embassy of the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros, Paris - Ministry for Foreign Affairs". um.fi. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  108. ^ Revue française d'études politiques africaines Issues 150-156 (in French). Société africaine d'édition. 1978. p. 24.
  109. ^ "India-Comoros Relations" (PDF). Mea.gov.in. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  110. ^ Southeast Asia Report No. 1318. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 28 July 1983. p. 10. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  111. ^ "Missions | Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".
  112. ^ "Comoros - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". www.dfa.ie. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  113. ^ "1976 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia.pdf. Page 159" (PDF). farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  114. ^ a b "AMBASCIATE ESTERE IN ITALIA" (PDF). MINISTERO DEGLI AFFARI ESTERI E DELLA COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE. January 31, 2019.
  115. ^ "Country of accreditation".
  116. ^ "Consular network".
  117. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: The Far East. Part III, Part 3. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1977. pp. PAGE A-6.
  118. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1976. p. 223.
  119. ^ "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara - negara luar" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  120. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Mexico and Comoros as of 13 Oct. 2008". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  121. ^ "Versión en Español". Embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  122. ^ "Maroc-Comores: vers un renforcement des relations entre les deux pays" (in French). 31 March 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  123. ^ "Embassy of the Union of the Comoros (Schaarbeek) - Embassies, consulates and other representations - Government.nl". 21 February 2018.
  124. ^ "Information on the Netherlands for people from the Comoros". 3 November 2016.
  125. ^ "Le Premier Ministre reçoit l'ambassadeur de l'Union des Comores à Madagascar et aux Seychelles" (in French). 16 September 2022.
  126. ^ Wertz, Daniel; Oh, JJ; Kim, Insung (August 2016). Issue Brief: DPRK Diplomatic Relations (PDF). The National Committee on North Korea. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  127. ^ Maoulida Mbae (19 June 2017). "Rupture diplomatiques / Moroni / Doha Les diplomates comoriens expulsés du Qatar [Diplomatic breach: Moroni / Doha Comoros diplomats expelled from Qatar]" (in French). La Gazette Des Comores. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  128. ^ "L'ambassadeur saoudien en République-Unie des Comores rencontre un responsable de l'ONU" (in French). 12 February 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  129. ^ "Union of the Comoros". mfa.gov.rs. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  130. ^ "Other Countries RS- Comoros Islands". Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
  131. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in the Republic of Kenya".
  132. ^ "Bilateral agreements signed by South Africa as on 25 June 2020". Parliamentary Monitoring Group. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  133. ^ The Pulse: Daily Review of the Turkish Press. Vedat Uras. 1979. pp. Page 4.
  134. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and the Comoros". Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  135. ^ "Bilateral agreements between Ukraine and the Union of the Comoros - Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Kenya". Archived from the original on 2019-09-03. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
  136. ^ "Political relations between Ukraine and the Union of the Comoros - Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Kenya". Archived from the original on 2019-09-03. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
  137. ^ "Republic of Kenya - Find an Embassy - MFA of Ukraine". Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
  138. ^ Access, please call +44 1908 516666 or email us; Times, Opening. "British Embassy Antananarivo - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2018. {{cite web}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  139. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Comoros". history.state.gov. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  140. ^ "The Comoros Islands and President Sambi – Could Change Finally have Arrived?". Prweb.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  141. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  142. ^ "Organization of Islamic Cooperation". HLS PILAC. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  143. ^ "Chronologies Dans Monde Arabe 1985/2 (N°108)". La Documentation française (in French). p. 88. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  144. ^ "Saba Net - Yemen news agency". Sabanews.net. Retrieved 17 April 2018.