Foam line

Foam lines on the Vale Burn, Barrmill, North Ayrshire.

Foam lines are accumulations of foam, with trapped insects, exuvia, etc. found on the surface of freshwater water courses or bodies.[1] Lines appear as individual islands of foam that accumulate against obstructions, shorelines, etc.[2] Foam lines have some characteristics in common with sea foam from the marine environment which may form lines of spume as the tides rise and fall.

Characteristics

Foam lines

Ice sheet and 'ice pancakes' on the River Deveron.

Most foam is very light, white to start with, often turning brown after a period of time if sediment builds up and forms discernible lines as individual mats accumulate.[2] Foam lines are usually non-toxic.[3] Natural foam may have an earthy or fishy smell and is white, off-white, becoming brownish;[2] characteristically it breaks apart with comparative ease when disturbed.[2]

Ice pancakes

Dinner plate sized 'ice pancake' discs are sometimes seen in the winter and can reportedly have a thickness of up to 3.9 inches with a diameter of 12 inches to 9ft. It is thought that the foam lines on the water freeze at night with the current causing repeated collisions against each other to eventually become circular with a distinct rim. When the temperatures fall again fresh foam is added so that existing 'pancakes' enlarge and new ones form.[4]

Formation

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds include natural organic surfactants which reduce the surface tension of water and permit the formation of foam bubbles. DOCs derived from decomposing algae and other plants in water courses are one important source, however DOCs derived from bogs and wetlands are very important. Brown-water streams with brown water contain high levels of DOC and much of the foam forms after snowmelt, after prolonged heavy rains and in autumn.[3] The foam decreases quickly when water flow reduces.[3]

Natural pollution

Detail of the foam
An oily sheen of 'iron bacteria' that contribute to the formation of foam lines

Foam lines are found on stream and river surfaces and banks when water is strongly mixed with air at waterfalls and where rocky substrates have fast currents of water passing over them.[3] Loch or lake shores accumulate foam lines due to waves breaking against rocky substrates and outcrops.[2][3] As stated, decaying plants and animals release dissolved organic compounds and these compounds lessen the surface tension of water to create the bubbles that adhere together to form the foam.[2] Unlike with man-made pollution, the foam lines are found along long stretches as no one source exists.[3]

Man-made pollution

The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the introduction of biodegradable detergents have greatly reduced the incidence of pollution-related foam, the presence of which can be ascertained by a fragrant or perfume-like smell.[2] The foam lines are restricted to the part of the water course in the vicinity of the source of the pollution.[3]

Biotic and abiotic effects

Stillborn, emerging and drowned terrestrial insects progressively accumulate within foam lines in summer, trapped and held in place by the surface tension of the bubbles within. These dense foam lines restrict the penetration of sunlight.[1]

The foam lines vary in thickness and this creates an overhead shelter that protects fish and insects from birds and other 'above surface' predators.[1]

See also

  • Ice circle – Rotating slab of ice on slow-moving water

References

  1. ^ a b c Love the Outdoors Retrieved : 2013-10-21
  2. ^ a b c d e f g A Field Guide to Aquatic Phenomena Retrieved : 2013-10-21
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Aquatic Restoration & Research Institute Retrieved : 2013-10-21
  4. ^ Ice Pancakes on the River Dee, Scotland Retrieved : 24-12-14

Read other articles:

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع يان كروفورد (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) يان كروفورد (بالإنجليزية: Ian Crawford)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 13 أغسطس 1961 (63 سنة)[1]  وارينغتون  مواطنة المم...

 

 

فيروس كورونا في كرواتيا   50+ حالات مؤكدة   5+ حالات مؤكدة   1+ حالات مؤكدة المرض كوفيد-19 السلالة SARS-CoV-2 تاريخ الوقوع 25 فبراير 2020 (4 سنوات، و1 شهر، و6 أيام) المنشأ ووهان، خوبي، الصين المكان كرواتيا الوفيات 0 الحالات المؤكدة 1,269,326 (9 مارس 2023)  حالات متعافية 16 ...

 

 

Wakil Wali Kota SukabumiLambang Kota SukabumiPetahanaLowongsejak 20 September 2023Masa jabatan5 tahunDibentuk2003Pejabat pertamaIwan KustiawanSitus websukabumikota.go.id Wakil Wali Kota Sukabumi adalah posisi kedua yang memerintah Kota Sukabumi di bawah Wali Kota Sukabumi. Posisi ini pertama kali dibentuk pada tahun 2003. Daftar No Wakil Wali Kota Mulai Jabatan Akhir Jabatan Prd. Ket. Wali Kota 1 Iwan Kustiawan 2003 2008 1   H.Mokh. Muslikh AbdussyukurS.H., M.Si. 2 Dr. H.MulyonoM.M....

American politician from Oklahoma For the Welsh footballer and coach, see John Jarman (footballer). John JarmanMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Oklahoma's 5th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1951 – January 3, 1977Preceded byA. S. Mike MonroneySucceeded byMickey EdwardsMember of the Oklahoma SenateIn office1949-1950Member of the Oklahoma House of RepresentativesIn office1947-1948 Personal detailsBornJuly 17, 1915Sallisaw, Oklahoma, USDiedJanuary 15, 1982 (aged...

 

 

العلاقات الإسبانية الزيمبابوية إسبانيا زيمبابوي   إسبانيا   زيمبابوي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإسبانية الزيمبابوية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إسبانيا وزيمبابوي.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتي�...

 

 

ψ6 Aurigae Data pengamatan Epos J2000      Ekuinoks J2000 Rasi bintang Auriga Asensio rekta 06h47m39.6s Deklinasi +48°47′22″ Magnitudo tampak (V) +5.22Jarak424 ± 43 ly(130 ± 13 pc)Tipe SpektralK0III Penamaan lain 57 Aurigae, HR 2487, HD 48781, BD+48°1436, FK5 1176, HIP 32562, SAO 41346, GC 8858 Referensi basis dataSIMBADdata Psi6 Aurigae (ψ6 Aur / ψ6 Aurigae) adalah salah satu bintang pada rasi Au...

Rute jalur kereta api kecepatan tinggi di Pulau Jawa, Indonesia.Kereta kecepatan tinggi di Indonesia merujuk pada jalur kereta cepat dan kereta semi cepat yang saat ini beroperasi di Indonesia. Rencana untuk membangun kereta api berkecepatan tinggi di Indonesia telah diumumkan oleh pemerintah Indonesia pada bulan Juli 2015.[1] Proyek kereta kecepatan tinggi perdana di Indonesia dan mungkin juga perdana di Asia Tenggara ini[1] menghubungkan Jakarta dengan Kabupaten Bandung, Jaw...

 

 

Uncertified election 2018 North Carolina's 9th congressional district election ← 2016 November 6, 2018 2019 (special) →   Candidate Mark Harris Dan McCready Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 139,246 138,341 Percentage 49.25% 48.93% U.S. Representative before election Robert Pittenger Republican Elected U.S. Representative Election results annulled Elections in North Carolina Federal government U.S. President 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1...

 

 

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Femminile Milan. A.C.F. G.B.C. MilanStagione 1976In piedi da sinistra: Pedrali, Scotton, Canzi, Fortunato, Stopar e Reilly. Accosciate da sinistra: Boselli, Clerici, Conter, Neillis e Sogliani. Sport calcio Squadra GBC Milan Allenatore Antonio Curreri Presidente Vittorio Pino Serie A2º posto. Coppa ItaliaVincitore. 1976 1977 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Associazione Calcio Femminile G.B.C...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Huzurabad – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Telangana, IndiaHuzurabadTownHuzurabadLocation in Telangana, IndiaShow map of TelanganaHuzurabadHuzurabad (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates:...

 

 

Role in human culture Collected salt mounds Naturally formed salt crystals Ancient method of boiling brine into pure salt in China Salt, also referred to as table salt or by its chemical formula NaCl (sodium chloride), is an ionic compound made of sodium and chloride ions. All life depends on its chemical properties to survive. It has been used by humans for thousands of years, from food preservation to seasoning. Salt's ability to preserve food was a founding contributor to the development o...

 

 

This article may contain citations that do not verify the text. Please check for citation inaccuracies. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Japanese Filipino, Japanese people in the Philippines日系 / 日系人 / 日系フィリピン人にっけい / にっけいじんHapon / Hapones / HaponesaPilipinong HaponesNikkei / Nikkeijin / Japino / JapinoyTakayama Ukon was a Japanese Catholic daimyō who migrated to the Philippines together with 300 Kirishitan refugees in 1...

The Man Who Came to PortPoster film Jepang asliSutradaraIshirō HondaProduserTomoyuki TanakaSkenario Ishirō Honda Masahige Narizawa[1] BerdasarkanDance of the Stormy Wavesoleh Shinzo KajinoPemeran Toshiro Mifune Asami Kuji Takashi Shimura Hiroshi Koizumi Penata musikIchirō Saitō[1]SinematograferTaiichi Kankura[1]PerusahaanproduksiTohoDistributorTohoTanggal rilis 27 November 1952 (1952-11-27) (Jepang) Durasi88 menit[1]NegaraJepang The Man Who C...

 

 

Public sculpture in Bangladesh Shoparjito Shadhinota (English: Self-earned Freedom) is a sculpture by Shamim Sikder commemorating the Bangladesh Liberation war.[1][2] Swaparjita Swadhinata Sculpture by Shamim Shikdar in University of Dhaka Campus History The sculpture was built in 1990, and is located in Dhaka University.[3] After the statue was inaugurated Islamic extremists threatened to destroy it.[4] References ^ A tour of war monuments. Dhaka Tribune. Arch...

 

 

British pre-grouping railway company (1844–1922) This article is about the historical British railway company. For the heritage railway on one of its former routes, see Midland Railway – Butterley. For other uses, see Midland Railway (disambiguation). Midland RailwayThe Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras station, the London terminus of the Midland Railway in June 2012OverviewHeadquartersDerbyLocaleEngland and WalesDates of operation10 May 1844–31 December 1922PredecessorMidland Count...

American college basketball season 2010–11 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketballOld Spice Classic ChampionsNCAA Tournament, Round of 32ConferenceBig East ConferenceRankingCoachesNo. 14APNo. 5Record27–7 (14–4 Big East)Head coachMike BreyAssistant coaches Anthony Solomon Rod Balanis Martin Ingelsby Home arenaPurcell Pavilion at the Joyce CenterSeasons← 2009–102011–12 → 2010–11 Big East men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W ...

 

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2015) جائزة أستراليا الكبرى 1983 (بالإنجليزية: XLVIII Australian Grand Prix)‏  البلد أستراليا  التاريخ 13 نوفمبر 1983 مكان التنظيم ملبورن، فيكتوريا طول المسار 1.609 كيلومتر (1.000 ...

 

 

  提示:此条目页的主题不是陈致中。   关于与「陳時中」標題相近或相同的条目页,請見「陳時中 (消歧義)」。 陳時中 中華民國行政院政務委員现任就任日期2024年5月20日 行政院院长卓榮泰  中華民國第4任衛生福利部部長任期2017年2月7日—2022年7月17日辭職 行政院院长林全賴清德蘇貞昌前任林奏延继任薛瑞元  中華民國中央流行疫情指揮中心指揮�...

Major volcanic eruption in Skamania County, Washington, U.S. Eruption of Mount St. Helens redirects here. For other eruptions, see Mount St. Helens § Geology. 1980 eruption of Mt. St. HelensPhotograph of the eruption column, May 18, 1980, taken by Austin PostVolcanoMount St. HelensDate(climactic episode) May 18, 1980; 44 years ago (1980-05-18)[1]TypePhreatic, Plinian, PeléanLocationSkamania County, Washington, U.S.46°12′1″N 122°11′12″W / ...

 

 

Functions for calculating potential energy Typical shape of an interatomic pair potential. Interatomic potentials are mathematical functions to calculate the potential energy of a system of atoms with given positions in space.[1][2][3][4] Interatomic potentials are widely used as the physical basis of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations in computational chemistry, computational physics and computational materials science to explain and predic...