Flushing trough

A flushing trough

A flushing trough is a long cistern which serves several toilet pans. It is designed to allow a shorter interval between flushes than individual cisterns.

Flushing troughs were commonly used in places such as schools, colleges, public toilets, factories and public buildings where repeated use of the flushing cistern was required in a short period of time. Such troughs were used by local councils in the UK into the 1980s.

Background

Water byelaws in the United Kingdom restricted the volume of water that could be used to flush WCs and urinals. Water boards typically required valveless siphonic cisterns that were designed to be "water waste preventers": these deliver a fixed volume of water on every flush and do not allow water to run into a WC pan continuously. A typical siphonic cistern is emptied completely when it is flushed, and can only be flushed again once it has refilled: the delay between flushes was found to be inconvenient in busy lavatories such as those in schools, factories or public conveniences. The flushing trough was designed to overcome this delay by allowing a fixed volume of water to be discharged from a larger cistern.

Development

The flushing trough was developed by Adamsez Limited and a patent was issued to MJ Adams in 1912 for a flushing trough that used the bell siphon flushing system.[1] A further patent was issued in 1928 to AH Adams for a flushing trough that used the plate siphon mechanism,[2] marketed as the 'Epic'. Advertisements by Adamsez stated that 25,000 were in use by 1939. Rival manufacturer Shanks obtained a patent for a modified version in 1935[3] which they marketed as the 'Alisa'.

Design

A diagram showing the mechanism in a flushing trough.
The mechanism of a flushing trough: pulling the flush chain (1) rocks the flush lever (2) and lifts the siphon plate (3), forcing water over the top of the siphon (4) and starting the flush. Water is sucked through a connecting pipe (5) from the timing box (6) and air enters the timing bottle through the vent pipe (7) until the box is empty and air flows into the siphon through (5), breaking the siphonic action and ending the flush. The timing box rapidly refills through a hole (8).

Flushing trough cisterns were usually made of cast iron or galvanised steel, but were also manufactured in fireclay and plastic, and could serve 2 or more toilets. The trough would typically span a row of cubicles, with an individual siphon and flush chain for each closet. The lever arm connecting the siphon plate to the flush chain was often fixed directly to a pivot on the siphon rather than the cistern, so the arrangement of the siphons was highly flexible: flush pipes could be fitted in the middle or side of the cubicles; flush chains could be arranged at the back or front of the trough, or through the bottom of the trough via a standpipe. Flushing troughs could also be concealed in ducts behind the wall of a range of WCs, with the flush chains linked to flush levers. Although flushing troughs generally proved reliable, a key disadvantage is that repair of one siphon requires all WCs served by the trough to be out of service.

Operation

Each siphon in a flushing trough is connected to its own timing box by a pipe. Siphonic action is started in the same way as an ordinary flushing cistern. As the water is siphoned from the trough, water is also sucked from the timing box and the water level inside the box falls rapidly, with air drawn into the timing box through a 'snorkel' vent pipe. When the timing box has been emptied of water, air flows through the timing box and into the siphon to break the siphonic action, stopping the flush. The timing box quickly refills with water through a hole in its side. The siphon is then ready to flush again.

Up to seven siphons would be supplied by a single ballcock, which would refill the trough whenever the water level fell.

An older trough from the 1930s. Note that the chain hangs over the front and not the back.
Advertisement for flushing trough from 1939
A trough that can still be found in Plymouth, Devon, UK

References

  1. ^ GB 191114960 (A), Moses James Adams, "An Improved Flushing Apparatus" 
  2. ^ GB 285201 (A), Alan Henry Adams, "Improvements in flushing apparatus" 
  3. ^ GB GB426701 (A), "Flushing apparatus for cisterns", assigned to Shanks and Company Ltd and Gilbert McCallum Shanks 

Read other articles:

Kōnstantinos VIII

Kōnstantinos VIIIKaisar dan Autokrat RomawiKōnstantinos VIII di bagian belakang sekeping uang logam Histamenon, dengan mahkota, Labarum dan akakia.Kaisar Kekaisaran Romawi TimurBerkuasa962 – 1025[notes 1]15 Desember 1025 – 11 November 1028PendahuluBasileios II BoulgaroktonosPenerusRōmanos III ArgyrosInformasi pribadiKelahiran960Kematian11 November 1028Nama lengkapKōnstantinos VIIIPasanganEleniAnakEudokiaZoeTheodora Konstantinos VIII (ba...

 

 

Data Link Solutions

Topik artikel ini mungkin tidak memenuhi kriteria kelayakan umum. Harap penuhi kelayakan artikel dengan: menyertakan sumber-sumber tepercaya yang independen terhadap subjek dan sebaiknya hindari sumber-sumber trivial. Jika tidak dipenuhi, artikel ini harus digabungkan, dialihkan ke cakupan yang lebih luas, atau dihapus oleh Pengurus.Cari sumber: Data Link Solutions – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya unt...

 

 

Mehulika Sitepu

Ini adalah nama Karo, marganya adalah Sitepu. Mehulika SitepuBerkas:Mehulika Sitepu.jpgLahir16 Juni 1980 (umur 43) Jakarta, IndonesiaPekerjaanPembawa acaraDikenal atasPresenter berita TV Mehulika Sitepu (lahir 16 Juni 1980) adalah pembawa acara berita Indonesia. Ia menjadi pembawa acara dalam program berita Lensa Indonesia Pagi dan Lensa Indonesia Sore di RTV. Karier Sejak 3 Mei 2014, dia bersama Prabu Revolusi dan Reinhard Sirait menjadi penyiar berita utama dalam acara Lensa Indonesia ...

Charley Pride in Person

1969 live album by Charley PrideCharley Pride in PersonLive album by Charley PrideReleasedJanuary 1969VenuePanther Hall, Fort Worth, TexasGenreCountryLabelRCA VictorProducerFelton Jarvis, Jack ClementCharley Pride chronology Songs of Pride...Charley That Is(1968) Charley Pride in Person(1969) The Sensational Charley Pride(1969) Charley Pride in Person is a live album by country music artist Charley Pride. It was recorded at Panther Hall in Fort Worth, Texas, and released on the RCA Vi...

 

 

Sidearm (baseball)

In baseball, sidearm is a motion for throwing a ball along a low, approximately horizontal plane rather than a high, mostly vertical plane (overhand). Sidearm is a common way of throwing the ball in the infield, because many throws must be made hurriedly from the glove after fielding ground balls. An infielder's quickest throw to the bases is often from just above ground level, necessitating a horizontal release of the ball. Scott Feldman throws a sidearm pitch. Sidearm pitchers, also known a...

 

 

Thor Solberg

Norwegian aviator Loening C-2-C Air Yacht used by Thor Solberg and Paul Oscanyan. (Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology) Thor Solberg (March 28, 1893 – February 26, 1967) was a Norwegian-born aviation pioneer who made the first successful flight from the United States of America to Norway in 1935.[1][2] He made the journey, which started in New York City, in an open-cockpit single-engine aircraft with no landing instruments. For this reason, he was restricted to an alt...

Jim Thomas (tennis)

American tennis player This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Jim ThomasCountry (sports)United StatesResidenceCanton, Ohio, United StatesBorn (1974-09-24) September 24, 1974 (age 49)Canton, Ohio, United StatesHeight6 ft 4 in (1.93...

 

 

Oliver Building (Pittsburgh)

Skyscraper in Pittsburgh This article is about the Pittsburgh skyscraper. For the landmark Chicago building, see Oliver Building (Chicago). Henry W. Oliver BuildingGeneral informationTypeCommercial offices, HotelLocation535 Smithfield StreetPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaCoordinates40°26′28″N 79°59′53″W / 40.4411°N 79.9981°W / 40.4411; -79.9981Construction started1908CompletedApril 1, 1910CostUS$3.5 million ($118.7 million today)HeightRoof105.77 m (347.0 ...

 

 

أرجمان

أرجمان   الإحداثيات 32°10′21″N 35°31′19″E / 32.172497222222°N 35.5219°E / 32.172497222222; 35.5219   تاريخ التأسيس 1968  أسسها ناحال  تقسيم إداري  البلد الضفة الغربية[1]  التقسيم الأعلى مجلس غور الأردن الإقليمي  [لغات أخرى]‏محافظة أريحا والأغوار  خصائص جغرافية ا...

Новотитаровское сельское поселение

Сельское поселение России (МО 2-го уровня)Новотитаровское сельское поселение Флаг[d] Герб 45°14′09″ с. ш. 38°58′16″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект РФ Краснодарский край Район Динской Включает 4 населённых пункта Адм. центр Новотитаровская Глава сельского пос�...

 

 

هنود

هنودمعلومات عامةنسبة التسمية الهند التعداد الكليالتعداد قرابة 1.21 مليار[1][2]تعداد الهند عام 2011ق. 1.32 مليار[3]تقديرات عام 2017ق. 30.8 مليون[4]مناطق الوجود المميزةبلد الأصل الهند البلد الهند  الهند نيبال 4,000,000[5] الولايات المتحدة 3,982,398[6] الإمار...

 

 

Cinnamomum osmophloeum

Species of treeThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Cinnamomum osmophloeum – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cinnamomum osmophloeum Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plan...

Ecgfrith of Northumbria

King of Deira (664 to 670), King of Northumbria (670 to 685) EcgfrithKing of NorthumbriaReign670–685PredecessorOswiuSuccessorAldfrithBorn645Died20 May 685Battle of Nechtansmere (Aged possibly 31 years old)Spouses Æthelthryth Eormenburg FatherOswiuMotherEanflæd Ecgfrith (/ˈɛdʒfrɪð/; Old English: Ecgfrið [ˈedʒfrið]; c. 645 – 20 May 685) was the King of Deira from 664 until 670, and then King of Northumbria from 670 until his death in 20 May 685 possibly at ag...

 

 

乔冠华

乔冠华 中华人民共和国外交部部长 中国人民对外友好协会顾问 任期1974年11月—1976年12月总理周恩来 → 华国锋前任姬鹏飞继任黄华 个人资料性别男出生(1913-03-28)1913年3月28日 中華民國江蘇省盐城县逝世1983年9月22日(1983歲—09—22)（70歲） 中华人民共和国北京市籍贯江蘇鹽城国籍 中华人民共和国政党 中国共产党配偶明仁（1940年病逝） 龚澎（1970年病逝） 章含�...

 

 

Una pistola per Ringo

Questa voce sull'argomento film western è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Una pistola per RingoUna scena del filmPaese di produzioneItalia, Spagna Anno1965 Durata98 min Generewestern RegiaDuccio Tessari SoggettoDuccio Tessari SceneggiaturaDuccio Tessari ProduttoreLuciano Ercoli, Alberto Pugliese Casa di produzioneProduzioni Cinematografiche Mediterranee, Producciones Cin.Cas Balcàzar...

Gowanus Canal

Canal in Brooklyn, New York Template:Attached KML/Gowanus CanalKML is from Wikidata Gowanus CanalSuperfund siteView from Union Street BridgeGeographyCityBrooklyn, New York CityCountyKingsStateNew YorkCoordinates40°40′23″N 73°59′49″W / 40.673°N 73.997°W / 40.673; -73.997Map of the canal and its crossingsInformationCERCLIS IDNYN000206222ContaminantsPAHs, VOCs, PCBs, pesticides, metalsProgressProposedSeptember 4, 2009ListedApril 3, 2010List of Superfund sites ...

 

 

柳州市

  「柳州」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「柳州 (消歧义)」。 柳州市壯文：Liujcouh柳地级市柳州市风光上起顺时针依次为：柳州柳北区、柳州东门城楼、程阳永济桥、文庙、驾鹤小桃园与驾鹤书院、龙潭公园、柳侯公园与柳侯祠綽號：壶城、桂中商埠柳州市在广西壮族自治区的地理位置坐标：24°19′34″N 109°25′42″E / 24.3262°N 109.4284°E / 24.3262; 10...

 

 

Jim Oberstar

American politician (1934–2014) Jim OberstarMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Minnesota's 8th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1975 – January 3, 2011Preceded byJohn BlatnikSucceeded byChip CravaackChair of the House Transportation CommitteeIn officeJanuary 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011Preceded byDon YoungSucceeded byJohn MicaRanking Member of the House Transportation CommitteeIn officeOctober 10, 1995 – January 3, 2007Preceded byNorman Minet...

Marcus (Marcosian)

Founder of the Marcosian Gnostic sect This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)   Part of a series onGnosticism Gnostic concepts Adam kasia Adam pagria Aeon Anima mundi Archon Barbelo Demiurge Five Seals Gnosis Kenoma Luminary Manda Monad Ogdoad Pleroma So...

 

 

Bronchocela jubata

Species of lizard This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bronchocela jubata Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Iguania Family: Agamidae Genus: Br...