Florence Laura Goodenough (August 6, 1886 – April 4, 1959) was an American psychologist and professor at the University of Minnesota who studied child intelligence and various problems in the field of child development. She was president of the Society for Research in Child Development from 1946-1947. She is best known for published book The Measurement of Intelligence, where she introduced the Goodenough Draw-A-Man test (now the Draw-A-Person Test) to assess intelligence in young children through nonverbal measurement. She is noted for developing the Minnesota Preschool Scale. In 1931 she published two notable books titled Experimental Child Study[1] (with John E. Anderson) and Anger in Young Children which analyzed the methods used in evaluating children.[2] She wrote the Handbook of Child Psychology in 1933, becoming the first known psychologist to critique ratio I.Q.
Early life
Florence Laura Goodenough was born on August 6, 1886. She was born in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, alongside her two brothers and six sisters, herself being the youngest. Her parents were Alice and Linus Goodenough. Her family was involved in farming.[3] She was homeschooled and received the equivalent of a high school diploma.[4]
Academic career
She received her primary education at home until attending Millersville Normal School. This school had few options of careers for women, the one she picked being teaching. In 1908 Goodenough graduated with a Bachelor of Pedagogy (B.Pd.) from Millersville, Pennsylvania Normal School. Although there is not much documentation of her time at Millersville, after earning her degree, she moved on to teach at the University of Minnesota from 1912-1919.[5][3] After her time teaching, she continued her education and went to Columbia University. She received a bachelor of science in 1920, and a masters of art degree in 1921, under Leta Hollingworth.[5][3][6] Hollingworth was a psychologist, leading her to be Florence's mentor. In 1921, Hollingworth recommended Goodenough to Lewis Terman to become a research assistant.[5][3] From 1920-1921, she also served as the director of research for the Rutherford & Perth Amboy public schools in the state of New Jersey.[7] It was during her time in public schools when she actually conducted a majority of her data.[7] Goodenough then went to Stanford University beginning her doctoral studies by working with Lewis Terman on his Gifted Children Survey, this survey was later published as Genetic Studies of Genius.[5] Lewis assigned her to do field research for the paper originally in Los Angeles. She first served as the chief field psychologist, and then reached the higher status of chief research psychologist from 1922 to 1923, overseeing the other psychologists with her.[5][3] She was listed as a contributor to Terman's book Genetic Studies of Genius, which was a rare deal for females during the time.[8] Goodenough earned her PhD in psychology in 1924, from Stanford University.[5][3] Goodenough then went to the University of Minnesota a Child Welfare Institute where she worked as a research professor under John E. Anderson from 1925 to 1930. Anderson and Goodenough were noted as offering some of the first undergraduate and graduate courses in developmental psychology.[9] She then eventually became a professor of psychology from 1931 to 1947.[3]
Major accomplishments
Goodenough studied psychology in a time where the study of nature vs nurture was argued for what contributed more towards a child's development. Well known psychologists, her mentor Terman being one, believed nature played more into child's development. They believed the environment of a young child showed heavy influence in their personality and abilities in school. Two main areas of focus when discussing nature vs nurture effects were on a child's IQ and their emotional development. Goodenough opposed the previous well respected views, and believed it was the child's maturation that played the major role in a child's emotional development. She wanted to test the basis of fixed intelligence with the results shown through IQ testing. Defending these beliefs, she published books explaining her theories and thoughts on this in 1939-1940.[3] In addition with her time at the University of Minnesota, Goodenough created the Draw-a-Man test (Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Person Test), which could measure intelligence in children.[10][4][11][12] She published the test in Measurement of Intelligence (1926) by drawing, which included detailed accounts of procedures, scoring, and examples.[3][12][4] After her publication of the Draw-a-Man test, Goodenough expanded the Stanford Binet scale for children into the Minnesota Preschool Scale in 1932.[3][11][12] Goodenough's most significant contribution to psychology was her advancement of sampling in 1928, which would become to be known as event and time sampling, a method still in extensive use to this day.[3][11]
It is in one of her most underrated contributions, in which Goodenough actually conducted her time sampling, in her publication Anger in Young Children (1931), which analyzed the methods used in evaluating children. It was critiqued primarily because many questioned the use of mothers as research participants, with many doubting that nonscientists would successfully record observations for a study.[13][14] Goodenough's objective was to analyze John B. Watson's[15] assertion that newborns were primarily only capable of three different emotions; these included rage, fear, and love.[13][2] She gathered forty-one participants ranging from infancy through seven years old and trained the parents to use event sampling and track the outbursts of anger they saw in their children.[7][2] It was through this experiment that she suggested that children who were less than one year old, had the most notable triggers of anger due to repetitive child care, minimal physical irritations, and limitations of physical movement.[14][7][2] However, Goodenough's research findings indicated that by the time the child reached the age of four, social interactions became the most significant basis of anger.[7][4][2] Goodenough's findings led her to theorize that it was not the environment that was most influential in emotional development, but actually maturation in young children.[9][8][2] Overall, Goodenough's publication led to a crucial descriptive awareness for parents and professionals to help acknowledge diverse emotional inclinations in child development.[9][7][2] This ultimately led her to continue with several more publications on child development, maturation, and emotion. Many researchers still appreciate Goodenough's publication on emotional development because of its descriptive and detailed use of the methodology used.[9][13][16][2] Goodenough's experiment represented one of the first few large scale analyses done through observations, and research is still considered one of the most detailed analyses of emotional development in children.[9][13][2]
Women in war
Goodenough showed activism for feminism all throughout her life. This is especially shown as she fought through male dominated careers, like psychology where you have to earn a PhD. She grew up in a time where women were just being allowed to go to school, and only a few courses were available. She earned major respect by her male colleagues, especially Dr. Terman, who was impressed by her own IQ score and said she has a "brilliant mind".[5] She especially showed frustration along with many other women in psychology and other areas of study when they were not allowed to participate in wartime jobs. Many psychology studies were being performed involving the war that were only being conducted by males. Women were expected to volunteer in the local communities. Goodenough was the president of the National Council of Women Psychologists (NCWP). With this position, she fought for women psychologists to also be allowed to participate in wartime studies. She succeeded, and the women and herself were able to obtain paid employment as military personnel.[3]
Ruth Winifred Howard, one of the first African American women to earn a PhD in psychology. She was influenced and taught by Florence Goodenough.
Late life
Throughout Goodenough's life she was never married.[3] During her late career, Goodenough still published a variety of topics and important contributions.[9] She also was known as a great educator, as one of her students who she instructed was Ruth Winifred Howard, the first African-American female, to receive a Ph.D. in psychology.[9][2] However, due to a degenerative disease, she was forced to retire early and moved to New-Hampshire, where she eventually went blind.[9] Despite the illness which induced a loss in sight and hearing, Goodenough published three more books after learning braille; Mental Testing: Its History, Principles, and Applications in 1949, Exceptional Children in 1954, and the third edition of Developmental Psychology in 1959.[10][11] Altogether, Goodenough published 10 texts and 26 research articles.[17] She died of a stroke in Florida on April 4, 1959.[4][11][12][18]
IQ testing
Goodenough revised and invented tests for children. Studying exceptional children, child psychology in general, and anger and fear specifically were all points of experimentation for Goodenough's career.[19] She published her first book: The Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings in 1926 which introduced her thoughts and ideas of children's I.Q. testing. In this book, Goodenough presented her I.Q. test for preschoolers called the Draw-A-Man Test. Goodenough drew much recognition due to her Draw-A-Man Test, a nonverbal measure of intelligence.[20] The test was known to be very reliable due to her extremely strict criteria for rating each drawing because it was well correlated with written I.Q. tests. This test was initially geared towards children ages two through 13. The Draw-A-Man test eventually developed into a Draw-A-Woman Test due to critics believing many females would not necessarily be able to identify with a male.[21]
1908: Bachelor of Pedogogy (B.Pd.) earned from Normal School in Millersville, Pennsylvania.
1920: B.S. from Columbia University under Leta Hollingsworth.
Director of Research in the Rutherford and Perth Amboy New Jersey public schools.
Began to document the effects of environment on intelligence test scores.
1921: M.A. earned from Columbia University under Leta Hollingsworth.
First began working with Lewis Terman at Stanford University.
1923: Published The Stanford Achievement Test.
1924: PhD Philosophy earned from Stanford University under Lewis Terman.
Worked at Minneapolis Child Guidance Clinic.
1925: Appointed assistant professor in the Institute of Child Welfare at the University of Minnesota.
1926: Published her first book: The Measurement of Intelligence by Drawings (Introduction to Draw-A-Man test).
1931: Published The Measurement of Mental Growth .
Published Anger in Young Children.
Goodenough set out to evaluate J. B. Watson's claim that newborns were initially only capable of three emotions: rage, fear and love, by comparing children's anger in infancy and in childhood. The book reported findings that children show anger at bath time, physical discomfort, and by age four, social relations were the greatest source of anger.[22][unreliable source]
Promoted to full professor in the Institute of Child Welfare at the University of Minnesota.
1933: Published Handbook of Child Psychology .
1938: Served as president of the National Council of Women Psychologists.
1940: Goodenough–Harris drawing test established, as revised by Florence Goodenough and Dale Harris.
1947: Retired early from the University of Minnesota due to physical illness.
1942: the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps's (WAAC) solicited Goodenough's professional opinion in selection of tests to be given to Officer Candidates and Basics. Goodenough recommended the Goodenough Speed-of-Association Test. The test used free association to determine ratings of masculinity–femininity and leadership. Results from Candidates and Basics were used as norming data as the test was under construction. She was particularly interested in how results differed between women who were married, divorced, or single. She found that divorced women were more masculine and offered a greater percentage of rare responses compared to either of the two other groups. Early retirement cut short her work on this test and it was never completed.[22][unreliable source]
1947: Appointed Professor Emeritus until her death in 1959.
1949: Published Mental Testing: Its History, Principles, and Applications.
^ abcdefJohnston, Elizabeth; Johnson, Ann (July 2017). "Balancing life and work by unbending gender: Early American women psychologists' struggles and contributions: JOHNSTON and JOHNSON". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 53 (3): 246–264. doi:10.1002/jhbs.21862. PMID28722804.
^ abRogers, K. B. (1999). The Lifelong Productivity of the Female Research hers in Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius Longitudinal Study. Gifted Child Quarterly, 43: 150. DOI: 10.1177/001698629904300303
^ abJohnson, Ann (2015). "Florence Goodenough and child study: The question of mothers as researchers". History of Psychology. 18 (2): 183–195. doi:10.1037/a0038865. ISSN1939-0610. PMID26120919.
^Stevens, G. and Gardner, S. (1982). Florence Laura Goodenough. In G. Stevens and S. Gardner (Eds.), The women of psychology, Volume 1: Pioneers and innovators (pp. 193–197). Cambridge, MA.: Schenkman Publishing
Capshew, J. H., & Laszlo, A. C. (1986). “We would not take no for an answer”: Women psychologists and gender politics during World War II. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 157–180. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00213.
Harris, D. (1959). Florence L. Goodenough, 1886–1959. Child Development, 30, 305–306.
Hartup, W. W., Johnson, A., & Weinberg, R. A. (2001). The Institute of Child Development: Pioneering in Science and Application, 1925–2000. Minneapolis, MN: Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota.
Johnson, A. (2015). Florence Goodenough and child study: The question of mothers as researchers. History of Psychology, 18, 183–195. doi:10.1037/a0038865
Johnson, A. & Johnston, E. (2010). Unfamiliar feminisms: Revisiting the National Council of Women Psychologists. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 311–327. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01577.x
Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey., and Harvey, Joy Dorothy. The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science : Pioneering Lives from Ancient times to the Mid-20th Century / Marilyn Ogilvie and Joy Harvey, Editors. New York: Routledge, 2000. Print.
Thompson, D. N. (1990). Florence Laura Goodenough. In A. N. O'Connell & N. F. Russo (Eds.). Women of Psychology: A bio-bibliographic sourcebook (124–133). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Stevens, G. & Gardner, S. (1982). Florence Laura Goodenough. In G. Stevens and S. Gardner (Eds.), The Women of Psychology, Volume 1: Pioneers and innovators (pp. 193–197). Cambridge, MA.: Schenkman Publishing.
