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Great Seal of the State of New Hampshire
Great Seal of the State of New Hampshire
Versions
	Historical coat of arms (1876)
Armiger	State of New Hampshire

State of New Hampshire
Use	Civil and state flag
Proportion	2:3
Adopted	January 1, 1932; 93 years ago
Design	A state seal wrapped by a golden laurel wreath with nine stars on a blue field.

The U.S. state of New Hampshire has held two seals since it declared its independence from Great Britain on January 5, 1776. While both seals have been retained, most people are only familiar with the Great Seal due to its corporate use.

Great Seal

1904 version with image of the *Raleigh* but still retaining Latin inscription

New Hampshire's state seal depicts the frigate USS Raleigh and is surrounded by a laurel wreath with nine stars. The Raleigh was one of the first 13 warships sponsored by the Continental Congress for a new American navy, built in 1776, at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine.^[1] The seal is surrounded by a laurel wreath. The wreath is an ancient symbol of fame, honor, and victory. The nine stars within the wreath show that New Hampshire was the ninth state to join the Union. The water stands for the harbor of Portsmouth, and in the yellow-colored spit of land is granite, a strong igneous rock, representing both New Hampshire's rugged landscape and the sturdy character of her people.^[2]

In 1784, when the present state constitution became effective, the legislature revised the seal to depict a ship on stocks, with a rising sun in the background, to reflect Portsmouth having become a major shipbuilding center during the American Revolutionary War. Over the years, various items for shipment were also shown on the frontal dock in the seal.^[3]

In 1919, New Hampshire Historical Society Director Otis G. Hammond, on the order of the Governor and Executive Council of New Hampshire, wrote a history of the state seal and flag. Hammond described how because the law governing the design of the seal was not very specific, when the dies wore down and had to be redesigned, the artists and sketchers had injected surprising details into the seal, such as rum barrels on the dock, sometimes including people standing beside them. In 1931, after Governor John G. Winant began his second term, he named a committee to produce a seal devoid of controversy. The General Court approved the committee's recommendations, later enacting a law codifying the official design of the state seal. The changes came into effect on January 1, 1932^[4]^[5]

State Seal law of 1931

The 1931 State Seal law placed the frigate Raleigh as the centerpiece of the new seal. The Raleigh was built in Kittery, Maine in 1776, as one of the first 13 warships sponsored by the Continental Congress for a new American navy. The law declared the seal to be 2 inches in diameter bearing the new inscription, SEAL • OF • THE • STATE • OF • NEW HAMPSHIRE, replacing the Latin phrase Sigillum Reipublicae Neo Hantoniensis. The law also declared that only a granite boulder could be shown in the foreground.^[4]

Flag

The flag of the state of New Hampshire consists of the state seal centered on a blue background. Others flags had 45 white stars encircling the seal.^[6]

It is currently the only U.S. state flag to feature a depiction of the Stars and Stripes flag (the state flag of Utah also included a depiction of the Stars and Stripes from 1903 to 2024).

A 2001 internet poll run by the North American Vexillological Association^[7] ranked New Hampshire state flag's design as 63rd out of 72 flags of U.S. states, U.S. territories and provinces and territories of Canada.

Timothy Josephson, a former member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives suggested replacing the state seal in the center of the flag with the Old Man of the Mountain in 2018 to memorialize its collapse in 2003, but no official action has been taken on the proposal.^[8]

In November 2023, state representative Tim McGough proposed a bill that would have modified the flag to add the motto "Live Free or Die" in Times New Roman beneath the seal. The bill was rejected in February 2024.^[9]^[10]

Alternate seal

First independent seal

On July 1, 1774, the First Provincial Congress met for the first time in Exeter, and subsequently they discarded every "Royal," including the previous "George the III" seal.

In preparation of the 1776 state constitution, the First Provincial Congress designed a seal measuring 1½ inches in diameter and depicting an upright fish and pine tree on either side of a bundle of five arrows. The fish and pine represented the main trade of the colony and the five arrows represented each of the five counties. The seal bore the inscription: COLONY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE * VIS UNITA FORTIOR.

The Latin motto vis unita fortior means "A united force (is) stronger." The motto was meant to unify the counties and was never officially proclaimed, but was used during the American Revolution until 1784. While no official document prescribing the seal has been located, the first record of the seal is found on commissions issued to military officers by the Provincial Congress dated September 1, 1775. The last known use of the seal was on an act of the General Assembly on July 5, 1776. This seal continues to be published by the New Hampshire General Court on along with the modern seal, on the cover of copies of the State Constitution.

First state seal, 1776

It is believed that the die used to affix the seal was designed during the summer of 1776. The first state seal was officially prescribed in an act passed September 12, 1776, two days after the resolution of statehood. The seal is still used by some members ^[who?] of the General Court, though there is no current statute governing its design or use.

The size of the seal was increased to 1¾ inches, and comprised a pine tree and an upright fish, on each side of a bundle of five arrows. The design reflected the state's then two major economic resources, and the arrows symbolized the strength of unity among the then five counties. The seal bears the inscription (in Latin): SIGILL : REI - PUB : NEOHANTONI : * VIS UNITA FORTIOR*.

References

^ "Portsmouth Naval Shipyard by Commander John Alden, 1964". U.S. Naval Institute. December 7, 2023.
^ "New Hampshire State Flag NH updated 1931". Flag-Works over America. January 3, 2012.
^ Zieber, Eugene: Heraldry in sea. Published by the Department of Heraldry of the Bailey, Banks and Biddle Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1895.
^ ^a ^b New Hampshire Laws 1931 and Special Session 1930: New Hampshire Public Acts and Joint Resolutions of the Legislature of 1931 and Special Session of 1930, published by the Secretary of State (The Clarke Press, Manchester, New Hampshire, 1931) p. 44. Shankle, Georg Earlie: State Names, Flags, Seals, Songs, Birds, Flowers and other Symbols. The H.W. Wilson Comp. New York, 1951
^ "Chapter 133: An act relating to the state flag and seal". Written at Concord, New Hampshire. Laws of the State of New Hampshire - Passed January Session, 1931 - Legislature convened January 7, adjourned May 7 (PDF). Manchester, New Hampshire: Granite State Press. 1931. p. 151-153.
^ "EXCEPTIONAL NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE FLAG WITH A HAND-PAINTED SEAL, SURROUNDED BY 45 HAND-SEWN STARS, MADE BY LAMPRELL & MARBLE, BOSTON, CA 1896-1907". jeffbridgman.com. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
^ NAVA 2001 Flag Survey
^ WMUR: "State rep proposes changing New Hampshire state flag" 18 January 2018
^ Todd Bookman (December 26, 2023). "Wave Free or Die: Should this be the new state flag?". New Hampshire Public Radio. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
^ "NH HB1016 - 2024 - Regular Session". LegiScan. Retrieved March 13, 2024.