First Biennium

The First Biennium, also known as the Social-Azañist Biennium, the Reformist Biennium, or the Transformer Biennium, was the period between the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931, and the 1933 Spanish general election.[1]

Constituent Period (April–December 1931)

Main article: Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic
Members of the Provisional Government of the Republic, from left to right: Álvaro Albornoz, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, Miguel Maura, Francisco Largo Caballero, Fernando de los Ríos, and Alejandro Lerroux.

The Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic lasted from the Proclamation of the Republic until the formation of the first permanent government on December 15, six days after the ratification of the 1931 Spanish Constitution. Up until October 15, 1931, the Provisional Government was presided by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, who resigned after his strong opposition to the Article 26 of the Constitution, which addressed the "religious question", Manuel Azaña followed him.[2]

The Social-Azañist Biennium (December 1931 – September 1933)

On December 15, 1931, Azaña introduced his second government, made up entirely of leftist republicans from Republican Action, the Radical Socialist Republican Party, ORGA, and Republican Left of Catalonia. Azaña intended to implement a vast reform program in order to imitate the politics of the Restoration.[3][4] These reforms also sought to solve many of the "pending questions" (the "social question", the "religious question", the "agrarian question" and the "military question" in particular). However, both social and corporate groups fiercely opposed the reforms, claiming that the government was attempting to "dismount" them from the positions they had earned.[5]

End of Azaña's government

The Azañist government's popularity peaked in autumn 1932, as it effectively contained the anarchists and defeated the monarchist uprising in the Spanish military. The General Workers' Union supported the government, despite the growing influence of the CNT. By this time, the Republic also reformed the military, public schooling, and started a big program for public works.[6]

However, by 1933, the government surrendered to domestic and foreign pressures. The government's decline started with the anarchist insurrection, which led to the Casas Viejas incident. This led to a big plunge in the government's perceived credibility. Along with a recession and rising unemployment and the growth of National Catholicism, Azaña resigned as President of the Republic.[7]

References

  1. ^ Barrio Alonso 2004, p. 103.
  2. ^ Gil Pecharromán 1997, p. 6-25.
  3. ^ Gil Pecharromán 1997, p. 40.
  4. ^ Juliá 1999, pp. 85–86.
  5. ^ Aróstegui 1997, pp. 13–14.
  6. ^ Jackson 1976, p. 103
  7. ^ Casanova 2007, p. 92

Bibliography

  • Barrio Alonso, Ángeles (2004). La Modernización de España (1917–1939). Política y sociedad (in Spanish). ISBN 84-9756-223-2.
  • Aróstegui, Julio (1997). La Guerra Civil. La ruptura democrática. ISBN 84-7679-320-0.
  • Casanova, Julián (2007). República y Guerra Civil. Vol. 8 de la Historia de España, dirigida por Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares (in Spanish). ISBN 978-84-8432-878-0.
  • Gil Pecharromán, Julio (1997). La Segunda República. Esperanzas y frustraciones (in Spanish). ISBN 84-7679-319-7.
  • Jackson, Gabriel (1976). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. ISBN 84-7423-006-3.
  • Juliá, Santos (1999). Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad (in Spanish). ISBN 84-9537903-1.

Read other articles:

كوجي سوزوكي (لاعب كرة قدم)

كوجي سوزوكي (باليابانية: 鈴木孝司)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 25 يوليو 1989 (العمر 34 سنة)كاناغاوا  الطول 1.78 م (5 قدم 10 بوصة) مركز اللعب مهاجم الجنسية اليابان  المدرسة الأم جامعة هوساي  معلومات النادي النادي الحالي آلبيركس نيغاتا الرقم 9 مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق 2008–2...

 

 

Sam Houston Award Medal

Sam Houston Award MedalTypeService decorationAwarded forServiceDescriptionThe neck ribbon is red, yellow and green striped. The medal is a bronze Maltese cross with a circle containing the coat of arms of the Texas State Guard with olive and live oak branches on either side. Around the circle are the words Texas State Guard Association.Presented byTexasEligibilityAwarded to members of the Texas Military Forces or the AssociationStatusCurrently awarded.Ribbon of Sam Houston Award Medal Eligibi...

 

 

Fuji FA-200 Aero Subaru

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

Seiche

Gelombang berdiri (hitam) yang digambarkan sebagai penjumlahan dua gelombang yang merambat dengan arah yang saling berlawanan (biru dan merah). Seiche (/ˈseɪʃ/ SAYSH) adalah gelombang berdiri dalam sebuah perairan yang tertutup, baik terutup sepenuhnya maupun sebagian. Fenomena akibat seiche dapat terjadi di danau, waduk, kolam renang, teluk, pelabuhan, dan laut. Syarat utama terbentuknya seiche adalah adanya perairan yang setidaknya tertutup sebagian sehingga dapat menjadi tempat terbentu...

 

 

Droits LGBT

L'égalité des droits est une revendication des militants LGBT. Les droits des personnes lesbiennes, gays, bisexuelles, transgenres, et plus largement queers (LGBT+) sont une déclinaison particulière des droits de l'homme[1],[2]. Ils font plus spécifiquement référence aux droits civiques que revendiquent les mouvements LGBT+ et que de nombreuses législations nationales refusent de reconnaître. L'homosexualité, la bisexualité et la transidentité étant réprimés dans un grand nombr...

 

 

Tribus magyares

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le Haut Moyen Âge et la Hongrie. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Les tribus magyares, ou tribus hongroises, (hongrois : magyar törzsek) forment le cadre politique du peuple magyar jusqu'à son installation dans le bassin des Carpates (Honfoglalás) et la fondation de la grande-principauté de Hongrie après 895. Le système tribal magyar Origines Art...

La noche es para mí

2009 song performed by Soraya Arnelas La noche es para míSingle by Sorayafrom the album Sin miedo ReleasedJanuary 12, 2009Recorded2008Genre Europop dance Length3:00Label Vale Universal Songwriter(s) Irini Michas Dimitri Stassos Jason Gill Felipe Pedroso Soraya singles chronology Sin miedo (2008) La noche es para mí (2009) Live Your Dreams (2010) Eurovision Song Contest 2009 entryCountrySpainArtist(s)Soraya ArnelasAsSorayaLanguagesSpanishEnglishComposer(s)Irini MichasDimitri StassosJason Gil...

 

 

هنود

هنودمعلومات عامةنسبة التسمية الهند التعداد الكليالتعداد قرابة 1.21 مليار[1][2]تعداد الهند عام 2011ق. 1.32 مليار[3]تقديرات عام 2017ق. 30.8 مليون[4]مناطق الوجود المميزةبلد الأصل الهند البلد الهند  الهند نيبال 4,000,000[5] الولايات المتحدة 3,982,398[6] الإمار...

 

 

Alvord cutthroat trout

Subspecies of fish Alvord cutthroat trout Conservation status Presumed Extinct  (NatureServe)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Salmoniformes Family: Salmonidae Genus: Oncorhynchus Species: O. clarkii Subspecies: O. c. alvordensis Trinomial name Oncorhynchus clarkii alvordensisBehnke, 2002 Main article: Cutthroat trout The Alvord cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii alvordensis, was a subspeci...

1-Heneicosanol

1-Heneicosanol Names Preferred IUPAC name Heneicosan-1-ol Identifiers CAS Number 15594-90-8 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:78410 ChemSpider 76686 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.036.051 PubChem CID 85014 UNII 15BB7P0F03 Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID70935330 InChI InChI=1S/C21H44O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22/h22H,2-21H2,1H3Key: FIPPFBHCBUDBRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO Properties Chemical formula C21H44O Molar mass 312...

 

 

Austrian Football League

American football league in Austria This article is about American football. For association football, see Austrian Football Bundesliga. Austrian Football LeagueSportAmerican footballFounded1982; 42 years ago (1982)First season1982No. of teams8 in top league AFLCountryAustriaCzech RepublicMost recentchampion(s)Danube DragonsMost titlesVienna Vikings (15)QualificationPyramid TierTV partner(s)ORF SportOfficial websitehttps://football.at/afl/ AFL The Austrian Football League (A...

 

 

علباء

علباء تقسيم إداري  البلد السعودية  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   عبلاء هو مركزٌ سعوديٌ تابعٌ لمحافظة البدائع التابعة لمنطقة القصيم، في المملكة العربية السعودية. المركز من الفئة (ب)، ورمزه 1800 حسب دليل الترميز الموحد للمناطق الإدارية بالمملكة العربية السعودية.[1] الموقع ه...

孟子

  关于与「孟子」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「孟子 (消歧義)」。 孟轲鄒國亞聖公孟子畫像，國立故宮博物院藏出生公元前372年4月2日（周烈王四年）中國（今山東省鄒城市）逝世公元前289年（周赧王二十六年）（83－84岁）时代戰國時期地区中国学派儒学（孟氏之儒/思孟學派）主要领域倫理學、社會哲學著名思想良知、性善论、仁政、王道、民本思想 受影响于 �...

 

 

Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah

Not to be confused with Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah. Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah (Hebrew: מועצת חכמי התורה‎; lit., Council of [wise] Torah Sages) is the rabbinical body that has the ultimate authority in the Israeli ultra-Orthodox Sephardic and Mizrahi Shas Party. History Rabbi Ovadia Yosef is seated, with his son Rabbi Yitzchak Yosef to his right, Rabbi Shalom Cohen at the far right, and Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron in the back. Shimon Peres stands at the far left. The council was...

 

 

Outline of West Virginia

Overview of and topical guide to West Virginia See also: Index of West Virginia-related articles The Flag of the State of West VirginiaThe Great Seal of the State of West Virginia The location of the state of West Virginia in the United States of America The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of West Virginia: West Virginia – U.S. state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. West Virginia became a state following...

Mansfield railway station, Victoria

Former railway station in Victoria, Australia MansfieldGeneral informationLine(s)MansfieldOther informationStatusClosedHistoryOpened7 May 1891Closed8 November 1978Services Preceding station   Disused railways   Following station Maindample   Mansfield line   Terminus   List of closed railway stations in Victoria   Mansfield is a former railway station in Mansfield, Victoria, Australia. The former station building now serves tourists to the community as a visitor ...

 

 

Tenzin Tsundue

Tenzin TsundueTenzin Tsundue manifestant devant la chambre d'hôtel du premier ministre chinois Wen Jiabao à Bangalore en 2005.BiographieNaissance 1975Himachal PradeshActivités Poète, écrivainmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Tenzin Tsundue (né à Manali en 1975) est un poète et écrivain tibétain vivant en Inde. Ancien prisonnier politique tibétain[1], il milite pour l'indépendance du Tibet[2]. Biographie Tenzin Tsundue naît sur les chantiers routiers du nord de l'Ind...

 

 

12e corps d'armée (France)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir 12e corps d'armée. 12e corps d’armée Carte de la 12e région militaire Pays France Branche Armée de Terre Type Corps d'armée Guerres 1870-1871Première Guerre mondialeSeconde Guerre mondiale Batailles 1914 - Bataille des Ardennes1914 - Bataille de la Meuse1914 - Bataille de la Marne(Bataille de Vitry)1915 - 1re bataille de Champagne1915 - 1re bataille de la Woëvre1915 - 3e bataille de l'Artois1916 - Bataille de Verdun1917 - Ba...

Oppunda härad

Oppunda härad Härad Julita gård häradsvapen Land  Sverige Län Södermanlands län Landskap Södermanland Socknar BettnaBlackstaFlodaHusby-OppundaJulitaLerboSköldingeStora MalmVadsbroVrenaVästra VingåkerÖsteråkerÖstra Vingåker Oppunda härads läge i Södermanlands län. Oppunda härads läge i Södermanlands län. Floda kyrka Oppunda härad var ett härad i västra Södermanland. Häradet omfattade större delen av nuvarande Katrineholms kommun, hela Vingåkers kommun samt d...

 

 

Nilson Castrillón

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori colombiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Nilson CastrillónNazionalità Colombia Altezza181 cm Calcio RuoloCentrocampista Squadra América de Cali CarrieraGiovanili  Deportivo Cali Squadre di club1 2014 Deportivo Cali3 (0)2015→  La Equidad1 (0)2015-2017 Deportivo Cali15 (0)2017 Cortuluá2 (0)2018-2021 Depo...