Fibrin

Not to be confused with Fibrillin.
Composition of a fresh thrombus at microscopy, HE stain, showing nuclear debris in a background of fibrin and red blood cells.
Micrograph showing fibrin (dark pink amorphous material) in a blocked vein surrounded by extravasated red blood cells (right of image). An artery (left of image) and the amnion (far left of image) is also seen. Placenta in a case of fetal thrombotic vasculopathy. H&E stain.

Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood. It is formed by the action of the protease thrombin on fibrinogen, which causes it to polymerize. The polymerized fibrin, together with platelets, forms a hemostatic plug or clot over a wound site.

When the lining of a blood vessel is broken, platelets are attracted, forming a platelet plug. These platelets have thrombin receptors on their surfaces that bind serum thrombin molecules,[1] which in turn convert soluble fibrinogen in the serum into fibrin at the wound site. Fibrin forms long strands of tough insoluble protein that are bound to the platelets. Factor XIII completes the cross-linking of fibrin so that it hardens and contracts. The cross-linked fibrin forms a mesh atop the platelet plug that completes the clot. Fibrin was discovered[2] by Marcello Malpighi in 1666.[3]

Role in disease

From Fibrinogen to Fibrin with the help of Thrombin and Factor XIII.

Excessive generation of fibrin due to activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombosis, the blockage of a vessel by an agglutination of red blood cells, platelets, polymerized fibrin and other components. Ineffective generation or premature lysis of fibrin increases the likelihood of a hemorrhage.

Dysfunction or disease of the liver can lead to a decrease in the production of fibrin's inactive precursor, fibrinogen, or to the production of abnormal fibrinogen molecules with reduced activity (dysfibrinogenaemia). Hereditary abnormalities of fibrinogen (the gene is carried on chromosome 4) are both quantitative and qualitative in nature and include afibrinogenaemia, hypofibrinogenaemia, dysfibrinogenaemia, and hypodysfibrinogenemia.

Reduced, absent, or dysfunctional fibrin is likely to render patients as hemophiliacs.

Physiology

Cross-linking by thrombin and stabilization by activated factor XIII

Fibrin from various different animal sources is generally glycosylated with complex type biantennary asparagine-linked glycans. Variety is found in the degree of core fucosylation and in the type of sialic acid and galactose linkage.[4]

Structure

Crystal structure of the double-d fragment from human fibrin

Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network.[5][6] Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. The image at the left is a crystal structure of the double-d fragment from human fibrin with two bound ligands. The experimental method used to obtain the image was X-ray diffraction, and it has a resolution of 2.30 Å. The structure is mainly made up of single alpha helices shown in red and beta sheets shown in yellow. The two blue structures are the bound ligands. The chemical structures of the ligands are Ca2+ ion, alpha-D-mannose (C6H12O6), and D-glucosamine (C6H13NO5).[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kehrel BE (2003). "[Blood platelets: biochemistry and physiology]". Hamostaseologie (in German). 23 (4): 149–158. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1619592. PMID 14603379.
  2. ^ Arney, Kat (31 May 2017). "Fibrin and fibrinogen". Chemistry World. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  3. ^ "350th Anniversary of the Discovery of Fibrin (1666–2016) History of Fibrin(ogen)". IFRS. Winston-Salem: International Fibrinogen Research Society. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  4. ^ Pabst M, Bondili JS, Stadlmann J, Mach L, Altmann F (July 2007). "Mass + retention time = structure: a strategy for the analysis of N-glycans by carbon LC-ESI-MS and its application to fibrin N-glycans". Anal. Chem. 79 (13): 5051–7. doi:10.1021/ac070363i. PMID 17539604.
  5. ^ Mosesson, M. W. (August 2005). "Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions". Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 3 (8): 1894–1904. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01365.x. ISSN 1538-7933. PMID 16102057. S2CID 22077267.
  6. ^ Undas, Anetta; Ariëns, Robert A.S. (2011-12-01). "Fibrin Clot Structure and Function". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 31 (12): e88–e99. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.230631. PMID 21836064.
  7. ^ Weisel, John W.; Litvinov, Rustem I. (2017), Parry, David A.D.; Squire, John M. (eds.), "Fibrin Formation, Structure and Properties", Fibrous Proteins: Structures and Mechanisms, vol. 82, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 405–456, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49674-0_13, ISBN 978-3-319-49672-6, PMC 5536120, PMID 28101869