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Eurotamandua; Temporal range: 47.8–46.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Middle Eocene
	Fossil of Eurotamandua joresi
	Life reconstruction of; Eurotamandua joresi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Pholidota
Family:	†Eurotamanduidae; Szalay & Schrenk, 1994
Genus:	†Eurotamandua; Storch, 1981
Type species
	†Eurotamandua joresi; Storch, 1981

Eurotamandua ("european Tamandua") is an extinct genus of mammal from extinct family Eurotamanduidae that lived during the middle Eocene.^[3]

A single fossil is known, coming from the Messel Pit in southwestern Germany. Eurotamandua was about 90 cm (35 in) long. Most palaeontologists now classify Eurotamandua as a pangolin. When its fossils were first discovered, Eurotamandua was originally thought to be an anteater, as it lacked the characteristic fused-hair scales of other pangolins. Eurotamandua's placement within the pangolins was made primarily because of a lack of the characteristic "xenarthran" joints found in all xenarthrans, including tamanduas.

There is still much ambiguity in the taxonomy of all mammals prior to the Eocene, so there is the possibility that Eurotamandua was a primitive xenarthran. However, this is highly unlikely because all known fossil evidence indicates that xenarthrans existed exclusively in South America from the beginning of the Cenozoic era until the formation of the Panama land bridge 3 million years ago, after which they spread to North America (but never to Eurasia or Africa). Another possibility is that Eurotamandua belongs to another group of mammals which appeared around its time, the Afredentata (probably part of Afrotheria).^[4] Eurotamandua is currently thought to be a stem-pangolin, closer to crown pangolins than Palaeanodonta and Euromanis but more basal than Eomanis and Necromanis.^[5]

Paleobiology

Eurotamandua bears characteristics found in almost all ant-eating mammals: long claws, an elongated snout, and most likely the same long, sticky tongue. These features led Eurotamandua to be initially misclassified as a xenarthran anteater, which was common for many ant-eating mammals prior to the 20th century. Presumably it also fed on ants and termites.^[6] The generic name comments on the strong, albeit possibly superficial resemblance to modern arboreal anteaters of the genus Tamandua, especially with its long, prehensile tail.

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic position of genus Eurotamandua within order Pholidota.^[5]^[7]

Ferae

Pan-Carnivora

Pholidotamorpha

†Palaeanodonta

Pholidota

†Euromanis

?

†Pholidota sp. (BC 16’08)

Eupholidota

†Eurotamanduidae

†Eurotamandua	†Eurotamandua joresi

sensu stricto

(Pholidota [sensu lato])

References

^ Gerhard Storch: "Eurotamandua joresi, ein Myrmecophagide aus dem Eozän der "Grube Messel" bei Darmstadt (Mammalia, Xenarthra)." Senckenbergiana lethaea 61 (3/6), (1981), S. 247–289
^ "Abstracts of Papers". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14: 1–58. 1994. Bibcode:1994JVPal..14S...1.. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592.
^ Delsuc, Frédéric; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Douzery, Emmanuel JP (28 April 2004). "Influence of Tertiary paleoenvironmental changes on the diversification of South American mammals: a relaxed molecular clock study within xenarthrans". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-11. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 419338. PMID 15115541.
^ Hunter, John P. and Janis, Christine M. 2006. "Spiny Norman in the Garden of Eden? Dispersal and early biogeography of Placentalia." J Mammal Evol 13:89–123
^ ^a ^b Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (4). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media: 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 209. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
^ Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..983K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.