Estampie

This article is about the medieval dance. For the German band, see Estampie (band).
Estampie "Retrove"
Anonymous estampie from the Robertsbridge Codex, performed by Ulrich Metzner
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The estampie (French: estampie, Occitan and Catalan: estampida, Italian: istanpitta) is a medieval dance and musical form which was a popular instrumental and vocal form in the 13th and 14th centuries.[1] The name was also applied to poetry.[2]

Musical form

The estampie is similar in form to the lai, consisting of a succession of repeated notes.[2] According to Johannes de Grocheio, there were both vocal and instrumental estampies (for which he used the Latin calque "stantipes"), which differed somewhat in form.

Grocheio calls the sections in both the French vocal and instrumental estampie puncta (singular punctus),[3] Each puncta has a pair of lines that repeat the same melody, in the form:

aa, bb, cc, etc..

The two statements of the melody in each punctus differ only in their endings, described as apertum ("open") and clausum ("closed") by Grocheio, who believed that six puncta were standard for the stantipes (his term for the estampie), though he was aware of stantipes with seven puncta.[3][4] The structure can therefore be diagrammed as:

a+x, a+y; b+w, b+z; etc..

In an instrumental estampie, the open and closed endings of the puncta are the same each time, so that the end of the punctum serves as the refrain, in the form:

a+x, a+y; b+x, b+y, c+x, c+y, etc.[5][2]

In comparison to other dance forms, Grocheio considered the instrumental estampie "complicated," with puncta of varying lengths This is in contrast to the more regular verse length of the ductia. There are also more puncta in an estampie than in a ductia.[6] He further states that this difficulty captivates the attention of both the players and listeners because of these complications.[7] According to Grocheio, the vocal estampie begins with a refrain, which is repeated at the end of each stanza, with text and melody independent of the stanza. However, surviving songs do not include a section labeled as a refrain, so some scholars suggest that a convention must have existed for choosing lines to use as a refrain.[6] Like the instrumental form, the vocal dance was complicated enough to require concentration, which helps to distract young people from wicked thoughts.[8]

History

The estampie is the first known genre of medieval era dance music which continues to exist today.[9][page needed] The earliest reported example of this musical form is the song "Kalenda maya", written by the troubadour Raimbaut de Vaqueiras (1180–1207), possibly to a preexisting melody.[10] 14th century examples include estampies with subtitles such as "Isabella" and "Tre fontane".[10]: 8–15 

Instrumentation

Sources for individual songs do not generally indicate what instruments were used. However, according to Grocheio, the vielle was the supreme instrument of the period, and the stantipes, together with the cantus coronatus and ductia, were the principal forms played on vielles before the wealthy in their celebration.[7] Though the estampie is generally monophonic, there are also two-voice compositions in the form of an estampie, such as the two for keyboard in the Robertsbridge Fragment.[1] The French estampie was performed in a lively triple meter, a primary division of three beats to the bar.[1]

Dance

Main article: Medieval dance § Estampie

Etymology

According to the OED, the name comes from the Provençal estampida, feminine of estampit, the past participle of estampir "to resound".[11]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c McGee, Timothy J. (2012). "Estampie". Grove Music Online.
  2. ^ a b c Bellingham, Jane (2002). The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and London: Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ a b Hiley, David (2001). "Punctum". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition. London: Macmillan Publishers.
  4. ^ Page, Christopher (1993). "Johannes de Grocheio on secular music: a corrected text and a new translation". Plainsong and Medieval Music. 2 (1): 17–41, 33. doi:10.1017/S0961137100000401. ISSN 0961-1371. S2CID 162777949. Punctus autem est ordinata aggregatio concordantiarum harmoniam facientium ascendendo et descendendo duas habens partes in principio similes, in fine differentes, qui clausum et apertum communiter appellantur.
  5. ^ Wolf, Johannes (1899–1900). Die Musiklehre des Johannes de Grocheo, Sammelbande der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft 1. p. 98.
  6. ^ a b McGee, Timothy J. (1989-10-01). "Medieval Dances: Matching the Repertory with Grocheio's Descriptions". Journal of Musicology. 7 (4): 498–517. doi:10.2307/763778. ISSN 0277-9269. JSTOR 763778.
  7. ^ a b Page, Christopher (2001). "Grocheio [Grocheo], Johannes de". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14359. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
  8. ^ Page, Christopher (1993). "Johannes de Grocheio on secular music: a corrected text and a new translation". Plainsong and Medieval Music. 2 (1): 17–41. doi:10.1017/S0961137100000401. ISSN 0961-1371. S2CID 162777949.
  9. ^ Hoppin, Richard (1978). Medieval Music. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393090906.
  10. ^ a b McGee, Timothy (2014). Medieval Instrumental Dances. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. pp. 10, 74. ISBN 9780253013149.
  11. ^ Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.

References

  • Johannes Wolf (ed.), "Die Musiklehre des Johannes de Grocheo," Sammelbande der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft 1 (1899–1900), pp. 69–120
  • L. Hibberd. "Estampie and Stantipes". Speculum XIX, 1944, 222–249.
  • Pierre Aubry. Estampies et danses royales; les plus anciens textes de musique instrumentale au Moyen-Âge (1906). Genève : Minkoff, 1975 (reprint). ISBN 2-8266-0603-4.
  • Willi Apel. Harvard Dictionary of Music (1970) Heinemann Educational Books Ltd.
  • Richard Hoppin. Medieval Music. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978. ISBN 0393090906.
  • C. Schima. Die Estampie (1995) ISBN 90-5170-363-5. See also Estampie Schima
  • Christopher Page. "Grocheio [Grocheo], Johannes de". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.
  • David Hiley. "Punctum". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.
  • Timothy McGee. "Estampie (Fr.; Provençal estampida; It. istanpitta; Lat. stantipes)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.
  • Jane Bellingham.. "Estampie". The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Timothy J. McGee,. "Estampie". Grove Music Online, edited by Deane L. Root (17 December 2012) (subscription required) (accessed 25 September 2014).
  • Timothy McGee. Medieval Instrumental Dances. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 2014. ISBN 9780253013149.
  • "Estampie". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)