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The Smith–Purcell effect was the precursor of the free-electron laser (FEL). It was studied by Steve Smith, a graduate student under the guidance of Edward Purcell. In their experiment, they sent an energetic beam of electrons very closely parallel to the surface of a ruled optical diffraction grating, and thereby generated visible light.[1] Smith showed there was negligible effect on the trajectory of the inducing electrons. Essentially, this is a form of Cherenkov radiation where ...

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) دوري السوبر الألباني 1933 تفاصيل الموسم دوري السوبر الألباني  النسخة 4  البلد ألبانيا  التاريخ بداي...

12 HariPosterGenre Drama Laga Kriminal Skenario Samuel Rustandi Satrio Wibowo CeritaReza Levinus NanginSutradaraPrisia NasutionPengarah kreatif Raymon Budiman Gultom Muhammad Aldo Prahajanto Clarissa Tanoesudibjo Lukman Sardi Pemeran Yoga Pratama Hana Malasan Verdi Solaiman Edward Akbar Iedil Dzuhrie Alaudin Williem Bevers Whani Darmawan Asri Welas Unique Priscilla MusikSadrach LukasNegara asal IndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode12ProduksiProduser Reza Levinus ...

Shōkaku-class aircraft carrier This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Zuikaku at Kobe on 25 September 1941 after commissioning History Empire of Japan NameZuikaku BuilderKawasaki Shipyards Laid down25 May 1938 Launched27 November 1939 Commissioned25 September 1941 Stricken26 August 194...

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Divisi Utama Liga Indonesia 2011–2012 (LPIS). Divisi Utama Liga IndonesiaMusim2011–12Jumlah pertandingan111Jumlah gol268 (2,41 per pertandingan)Pemain terbaikCristian CarrascoPencetak golterbanyakSackie Teah Doe (18 gol)Kemenangan kandangterbesarPersekam 5 - 1 Perssin (7 Februari 2012) Persekam 4 - 0 Persigo (12 Februari 2012) Barito 4 - 0 Persekam (22 February 2012)Kemenangan tandangterbesarPSMP 0 - 3 PS Sumbawa Barat (10 Maret 2012)Pertandingan terbanyak ...

Northernmost group of islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Not to be confused with Elizabeth Islands. Queen Elizabeth Islands, northern Canada.  Nunavut  Northwest Territories  Quebec  Greenland The Queen Elizabeth Islands (French: Îles de la Reine-Élisabeth) are the northernmost cluster of islands in Canada's Arctic Archipelago, split between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories in Northern Canada. The Queen Elizabeth Islands contain approxima...

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

Multi-sport event in Birmingham, England XXII Commonwealth GamesHost cityBirmingham, EnglandMottoGames for Everyone[1]Nations72 Commonwealth teamsAthletes4,822Events283 in 19 sportsOpening28 July 2022 (2022-07-28)Closing8 August 2022 (2022-08-08)Opened byCharles, Prince of WalesClosed byPrince Edward, Earl of Wessex and ForfarAthlete's OathGeva MentorQueen's Baton Final RunnerDenise LewisAnthemChampion, UB40 featuring Dapz on the Map and Gilly GMain venue...

Indians should get the Moderna vaccine and Pfizer vaccine Artikel ini memerlukan pemutakhiran informasi. Harap perbarui artikel dengan menambahkan informasi terbaru yang tersedia. Artikel ini mendokumentasikan suatu wabah penyakit terkini. Informasi mengenai hal itu dapat berubah dengan cepat jika informasi lebih lanjut tersedia; laporan berita dan sumber-sumber primer lainnya mungkin tidak bisa diandalkan. Pembaruan terakhir untuk artikel ini mungkin tidak mencerminkan informasi terkini meng...

Railway station in Northumberland, England WiddringtonGeneral informationLocationWiddrington Station, NorthumberlandEnglandCoordinates55°14′28″N 1°36′58″W / 55.2411444°N 1.6162192°W / 55.2411444; -1.6162192Grid referenceNZ244941Owned byNetwork RailManaged byNorthern TrainsPlatforms2Tracks2Other informationStation codeWDDClassificationDfT category F2HistoryOriginal companyNewcastle and Berwick RailwayPre-groupingNorth Eastern RailwayPost-grouping London and ...

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (juillet 2019). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? C...

Onora il padre e la madreUna scena del filmTitolo originaleBefore the Devil Knows You're Dead Lingua originaleinglese Paese di produzioneStati Uniti d'America Anno2007 Durata117 min Rapporto1,85:1 Generethriller, giallo, noir RegiaSidney Lumet SceneggiaturaKelly Masterson ProduttoreMichael Cerenzie, Brian Linse, Paul Parmar, William S. Gilmore Produttore esecutivoBelle Avery, David Bergstein, Jane Barclay, Janette Jensen Hoffman, Hannah Leader, Eli Klein, Jeffry Melnick, Sam Zaharis C...

 烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/（英文） 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表（英语：Representatives of the President of Ukraine） 总...

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها.   لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع عاصمة الثقافة العربية (توضيح). شعار الجزائر عاصمة الثقافة العربية 2007. الجزائر عاصمة الثقافة العربية هو الاسم الذي يطلق على برنامج عاصمة الثقافة العرب...

Kypséli La place Agíou Georgíou (Saint Georges) Administration Pays Grèce Région Attique Ville Athènes Géographie Coordonnées 38° 00′ 09″ nord, 23° 44′ 29″ est Localisation Géolocalisation sur la carte : Athènes Kypséli Géolocalisation sur la carte : Grèce Kypséli modifier  Kypséli (en grec moderne : Κυψέλη, « le rucher ») est un quartier d'Athènes, en Grèce. Il se situe à l'est de la rue Patissí...

Association football club in Bulgaria Football clubFC Vitosha BistritsaFull nameFootball Club Vitosha BistritsaNickname(s)The Bistritsa TigersShort nameVitoshaFounded1958; 66 years ago (1958)GroundStadion BistritsaCapacity2,500ManagerNikolay HristozovLeagueSouthwest Third League2022–23Second League, 17th (relegated)WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours FC Vitosha (Bulgarian: ФК Витоша) is a Bulgarian association football club based in Bistrits...

Earliest electronic computer design Replica of the Atanasoff–Berry computer at Iowa State University The 1946 ENIAC computer used more than 17,000 vacuum tubes A vacuum-tube computer, now termed a first-generation computer, is a computer that uses vacuum tubes for logic circuitry. While the history of mechanical aids to computation goes back centuries, if not millennia, the history of vacuum tube computers is confined to the middle of the 20th century. Lee De Forest invented the triode in 1...

Norman Patrick Brown's immunity from prosecution order in exchange for his testimony in Leonard Peltier's criminal trial Immunity from prosecution is a doctrine of international law that allows an accused to avoid prosecution for criminal offences. Immunities are of two types. The first is functional immunity, or immunity ratione materiae. This is an immunity granted to people who perform certain functions of state. The second is personal immunity, or immunity ratione personae. This is an imm...

Second largest elephant species Asian elephantTemporal range: Pleistocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ A tusked bullBandipur National Park, Karnataka, India A cow and juvenilesYala National Park, Sri Lanka Conservation status Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[2] CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Proboscidea Family: Elephantidae Genus: Elephas Species: E. maxi...