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An Escort Group consisted of several small warships organized and trained to operate together protecting trade convoys. Escort groups were a World War II tactical innovation in anti-submarine warfare by the Royal Navy to combat the threat of the Kriegsmarine's "wolfpack" tactics. Early escort groups often contained destroyers, sloops, naval trawlers and, later, corvettes of differing specifications lacking the ability to maneuver together as a flotilla of similar warships, but rigorously trained in anti-submarine tactics to use teamwork emphasizing the unique sensors, weapons, speed, and turning radius of each ship. The development of these 'escort groups' proved an effective means of defending shipping convoys through the Battle of the Atlantic.

HMS *Skate* was one of the oldest destroyers in the Royal Navy when assigned convoy protection duty for the Western Approaches Command.

Background

Based on experience during World War I, the Admiralty instituted trade convoys in United Kingdom coastal waters from September 1939.^[1] During the first year of the Battle of the Atlantic British convoy protection was the responsibility of the Western Approaches Command (WAC), based first in Plymouth, then, as the focus of the campaign moved after the 1940 Fall of France, in Liverpool.^[2] The newest and most capable destroyers were assigned to screen capital ships of the Home Fleet; so, to augment the inadequate number of purpose-designed sloops, WAC was allocated a leftover array of limited production prototypes, ships built to foreign specifications, minesweepers, militarized yachts, and fishing trawlers, and survivors of elderly destroyer classes no longer considered suitable for operation with the Home Fleet. These escorts were not numerous enough or sufficiently long-ranged to accompany convoys across the Atlantic, but would screen convoys to and from meeting points thought to be beyond U-boat range defining the edge of the Western Approaches.

Convoy escorts were initially assigned on an ad hoc basis, dispatched as and when available, and arrived singly or in small groups. Command of the escort force fell to the senior officer present and could change as each new ship arrived. Any tactical arrangements had to be made on the spot and communicated by a signal lamp to each ship in turn. The ships were unaccustomed to working together and often had no common battle plan or tactics.

These deficiencies led to a major defeat in October 1940 when Convoy HX 79 from Halifax to Liverpool was attacked by a wolfpack of five U-boats remaining after an attack on convoy SC 7. Initially unprotected, a force of 11 warships were assembled but 12 ships in the convoy were sunk from attacks during the night while none of the U-boats were damaged.

The loss of ships from both SC 7 and HX 79 gave the impetus for Admiral Percy Noble, the commander-in-chief of WAC, to form discrete groups.^[3] These Escort Groups often consisted of mixed types of small warships, but later were sometimes formed from a single class (e.g. the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 15th, and 21st Escort Groups were composed entirely of Captain-class frigates when these ships became available to replace the older ships originally assigned to those groups.)^[4]

Service history

In 1941 WAC had 8 escort groups formed.^[3] These typically comprised four to eight ships, under the command of an RN officer, usually a commander or lieutenant commander. By operating together under a single leader, groups were able to develop group tactics and practice their use; with the issue of a single short command the various ships of the group, often out of sight of each other, could be relied upon to act in a coordinated fashion. In ten days in 1941, four U-boats were sunk with the loss of three of Germany's top U-boat commanders. Later these tactics were standardized and taught to all escort group commanders at the Western Approaches Tactical Unit (WATU). The WATU was an RN analysis team founded in early 1942 to study the conduct of convoy operations using wargames and lectures. The unit, made up of naval officers and the young women of the WRNS disseminated instructions to over 5,000 Allied officers with "considerable success".^[5]

This level of teamwork was never achieved by the attacking U-boats. Although the wolfpack was co-ordinated in that several boats would be concentrated on a target convoy, once gathered the boats would attack individually without any attempt at further co-operation. It was not unknown for U-boats to get in each other's way whilst attacking or collide with each other. Time and again during the Battle of the Atlantic relatively small, well-handled escort groups were able to frustrate attacks by more numerous groups of U-boats and ensure the "safe and timely arrival" of their charges. In one example, in November 1942, Convoy ON 144 of 33 ships from Britain to North America protected by the Mid-Ocean Escort Force B6 of five Flower-class corvettes, was attacked by a group of ten U-boats. Over the next three days they fought off attacks by the wolfpack for the loss of five ships and one corvette; 28 ships arrived safely.^[6]^[7] Following this action, the Senior Officer Escort (SOE) – commander of the group – was "warmly congratulated" for preventing what could have been a major disaster,^[7] and the contrast with HX 79 was apparent.^{[citation needed]}

In practice, escort group cohesion was impaired by frequent changes of escort personnel and transferring ships between groups.^[8] Personnel shuffling was inevitable as trained crewmen with combat experience were promoted and transferred to the expanding fleet of new ships.^[9] Shuffling of ships from one escort group to another was often necessary to maintain escort group strength by replacing ships temporarily disabled by battle damage or the frequent machinery breakdowns of older warships.^[10] The following list includes some duplication reflecting reassignments at the time of compilation. The original eight escort groups and the Canadian 14th through 25th escort groups were reorganized into the Mid-Ocean Escort Force (MOEF) in February and March 1942 with ships of the 9th Escort Group serving as leaders of MOEF groups B1 through B5. The ships of the earlier groups which had only a short-range and were unsuitable for MOEF duty were reassigned to the Western Local Escort Force or duty with coastal convoys or the arctic convoys supplying the Soviet Union. The 36th through 44th escort groups remained relatively unchanged escorting convoys between Liverpool and Gibraltar and Sierra Leone.^[11]

Organization

The following escort groups had been formed prior to United States Navy escort participation in the autumn of 1941:^[12]

1st Escort Group

6th Escort Group

Thornycroft type destroyer leader: HMS Broke
V and W-class destroyers: HMS Verity & Wolverine
Town-class destroyers: HMS Buxton, Chelsea & Mansfield
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Begonia, Camellia, Clematis, Columbine, Jasmine, & Larkspur

7th Escort Group

V and W-class destroyers: HMS Westcott & Wanderer
Town-class destroyers: HMS Campbeltown & St Albans
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Acanthus, Eglantine, Gardenia, Hibiscus, Montbretia & Periwinkle

8th Escort Group

Admiralty type flotilla leader: HMS Malcolm
V and W-class destroyer: HMS Watchman
Town-class destroyers: HMS Beverley & Newmarket
Admiralty S-class destroyers: HMS Sardonyx & Scimitar
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Arabis, Dahlia, Monkshood, Petunia, Violet & Verbena

9th Escort Group

Havant-class destroyers: HMS Harvester, Havelock, Hesperus & Highlander

10th Escort Group

V and W-class destroyers: HMS Vanquisher, Witch & Whitehall

11th Escort Group

12th Escort Group

Hunt-class destroyers: HMS Badsworth, Blankney, Croome, Exmoor & Lamerton

14th Escort Group

C and D-class destroyers: HMCS Assiniboine & St. Laurent
Ex-Brazilian destroyers: HMS Harvester & Havelock
Town-class destroyer: HMS Ripley

15th Escort Group

Canadian River-class destroyer: HMCS Saguenay
Town-class destroyer: HMS Burwell
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Dianthus, Honeysuckle & Snowberry

16th Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Broadwater
Flower-class corvettes: HMCS Chilliwack, Rimouski & Spikenard

17th Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Broadway
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Polyanthus, Cobalt & Trail

18th Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Churchill
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Camellia, Arrowhead & Eyebright

19th Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Burnham
Flower-class corvettes: HMCS Mayflower, Agassiz & Lévis

20th Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMCS Columbia
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Gladiolus, Mimosa & Wetaskiwin

21st Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMCS St. Croix
Flower-class corvettes: HMCS Chambly, Pictou, Buctouche & Galt

22nd Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Ramsey
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Candytuft, Bittersweet & Fennel

23rd Escort Group

Town-class destroyers: HMS Chesterfield & Reading
Flower-class corvettes: HMCS Hepatica & Prescott

24th Escort Group

Canadian River-class destroyer: HMCS Skeena
Flower-class corvettes: HMCS Alberni, Orillia & Kenogami

25th Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMCS Niagara
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Alysse, Celandine & Collingwood

36th Escort Group

Bittern-class sloop: HMS Stork
Grimsby-class sloop: HMS Deptford
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Arbutus, Cowslip, Convolvulus, Marigold, Pentstemon, Rhododendron, Samphire & Vetch

37th Escort Group

Black Swan-class sloop: HMS Black Swan
Shoreham-class sloop: HMS Fowey
Flower-class corvettes: HMS Bluebell, Campion, Carnation, Heliotrope, La Malouine, Mallow, Myosotis & Stonecrop

40th Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Stanley
Shoreham-class sloop: HMS Bideford
Banff-class sloops: HMS Culver, Gorleston, Landguard & Lulworth

41st Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Clare
Black Swan-class sloop: HMS Ibis
Bittern-class sloop: HMS Enchantress
Grimsby-class sloop: HMS Aberdeen
Banff-class sloops: HMS Hartland & Walney

42nd Escort Group

Shoreham-class sloop: HMS Weston
Hastings-class sloop: HMS Folkestone
Grimsby-class sloops: HMS Londonderry & Wellington
Banff-class sloops: HMS Sennen & Totland

43rd Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Newport
Shoreham-class sloop: HMS Rochester
Hastings-class sloop: HMS Hastings
Bridgewater-class sloop: HMS Sandwich
Grimsby-class sloops: HMS Leith
Armed yacht: HMS Philante

44th Escort Group

Town-class destroyer: HMS Bradford
Egret-class sloop: HMS Egret
Hastings-class sloop: HMS Scarborough
Grimsby-class sloop: HMS Fleetwood
Banff-class sloops: HMS Banff & Fishguard

References

Citations

^ Hague 2000 p.23
^ Roskill 1954, p. 00.^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b Elliott 1977, p. 59
^ Collingwood 1998, p. 00.^{[page needed]}
^ Strong, Paul Edward (2017). Wargaming the Atlantic War: Captain Gilbert Roberts and he Wrens of the Western Approaches Tactical Unit (PDF). Paper for MORS Wargaming Special Meeting October 2017 – Working Group 2.
^ Blair 1996, p. 118.
^ ^a ^b Blair 1996, p. 119
^ Milner, p.192
^ Milner, p.56
^ Milner, p.98
^ Mason, Geoffrey B. "HMS Malcolm (D 19) – Scott-class Flotilla Leader". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. edited by Gordon Smith. naval-history.net. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
^ Rohwer & Hummelchen, pp.83 & 89

Bibliography

Blair, C. Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939-1942 (Volume 1):. W&N, 1996. ISBN 0-304-35260-8.
Collingwood, D, J. The Captain Class Frigates in World War II: An Operational History of the American Built Destroyer Escorts Serving Under the White Ensign from 1943-46. Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 1998. ISBN 0-85052-615-9.
Elliott, P. Allied Escort Ships of World War II . Macdonald & J, 1977. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
Hague, Arnold (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-019-3.
Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-450-0.
Rohwer, J.; Hummelchen, G. (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-105-X.
Roskill, S. The War at Sea 1939–1945 Vol I. 1954.

[1] Hague 2000 p.23

[Roskill1954p00-2] Roskill 1954, p. 00.^{[page needed]}

[Elliott1977p59-3] Elliott 1977, p. 59

[Collingwood1998p00-4] Collingwood 1998, p. 00.^{[page needed]}

[5] Strong, Paul Edward (2017). Wargaming the Atlantic War: Captain Gilbert Roberts and he Wrens of the Western Approaches Tactical Unit (PDF). Paper for MORS Wargaming Special Meeting October 2017 – Working Group 2.

[Blair1996p118-6] Blair 1996, p. 118.

[Blair1996p119-7] Blair 1996, p. 119

[8] Milner, p.192

[9] Milner, p.56

[10] Milner, p.98

[11] Mason, Geoffrey B. "HMS Malcolm (D 19) – Scott-class Flotilla Leader". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. edited by Gordon Smith. naval-history.net. Retrieved 18 January 2014.

[12] Rohwer & Hummelchen, pp.83 & 89

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Escort Group