Arnett, R.H. Jr.; M. C. Thomas; P. E. Skelley; J. H. Frank, eds. (21 June 2002). American Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida.
Arnett, Ross H. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press.
Richard E. White (1983). Peterson Field Guides: Beetles. Houghton Mifflin Company.