Mustapha ibn Muhieddine (1814–1863; Arabic: مصطفى ابن محيي الدينMustafa ibn Muḥy al-dīn), known as Emir Mustapha, Sidi Moustafa, Moustafa El Hassani El Djazairi, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century with his brother, Emir Abdelkader.[1]
Family
Emir Abdelkader
Mustapha was one of Mahieddine's sons and the younger brother of Emir Abdelkader. He married one of his cousins, with whom he had three sons and two daughters.[2]
In memory of his father, one of his sons was named Mahieddine, who married his cousin Zeyneb, the daughter of his uncle Emir Abdelkader.[3]
Mustapha strove to gain influence in the Emirate of Abdelkader and took an important part in the affairs of the Algerian country.[4]
Sahara tribes
In 1836, Mustapha tried proclaim himself Sheikh of the Algerian Sahara tribe who had rallied to Abdelkader, but his attempt failed and he was struck with disgrace.[clarification needed][5][6] However, he deeply apologised, so Abdelkader appointed him bey of Titteri in Médéa.[7][8]
Khalifa of Médéa
Landscape of the Mezghena commune in the Titteri.
When Abdelkader laid siege to the city of Tlemcen in July 1836 to liberate it from General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, he received news that some people had tried to rally the French and to rebel against him in Médéa.[9][10]
Abdelkader let an auxiliary force continue the siege of the French garrison in Tlemcen, and advanced with dozens of cavaliers to Médéa to stop the rebellion.[11][12]
Abdelkader wanted give land to his younger brother Mustafa, and in turn named him khalifa of Médéa territory before returning to Tlemcen to continue the siege.[13][14]
Mustapha worked to submit Titteri and Mitidja to the power of the Emirate of Abdelkader before passing the title of Bey of Titteri to his successor, Mohamed Berkani.[15][16]
On May 8, 1837, Mustapha organized a surprise attack on a large agricultural farm in Reghaïa to force the French occupiers to sign a cease-fire treaty with Abdelkader.[17][18]
The farm, managed by settlers Mercier and Saussine, was positioned with its 3,000 hectares of area at the entrance of Kabylia which remained in sight of the sustained advance of French colonization towards the plains of Oued Isser.[19][20]
Mustapha urged the marabouts of the zawiyas of the Beni Aïcha, the Issers, and the Amraoua to terrorize the French settlers to stop the invasion of the mountain range of Khachna, which precedes Djurdjura.[21][22]
Mustapha's goal was achieved, since the colonial troops, who were to quickly join Orania in order to contribute with General Bugeaud to the defeat of Abdelkader, were maintained and posted in Algiers in order to protect it and to organize the counter-offensive against the Emirate of Abdelkader.[24]
Mustapha was later appointed in August 1839 by Abdelkader as Khalifa of the Hodna region around the M'Sila territory.[26][27] As soon as he arrived in M'Sila, he headed for the Hautes Plaines in the northeast, calling all the tribes in his path to arms against the French, and in less than eight days, the insurrection became widespread.[28][29]
Constantinois
At the beginning of 1840, Mustapha was commander-in-chief to the Algerian rebels that Abdelkader sent to the province of Constantine to harass the French troops.[30][31]
Mustapha carried out his mission in the Constantinois region and returned to temporarily live in Medjana before returning to the traveling capital of Abdelkader.[32][33]
After Abdelkader surrendered in 1847, Mustapha accompanied him with the other members of his family to be exiled in the Château d'Amboise in France. Mustapha, along with all of his other brothers, left Amboise and settled in Morocco.[34]
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