Elymus hystrix

Bottlebrush grass
Inflorescences
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Pooideae
Genus: Elymus
Species:
E. hystrix
Binomial name
Elymus hystrix
Synonyms

Hystrix patula Moench

Elymus hystrix, known as eastern bottlebrush grass,[1] or bottle-brush-grass,[2] is a bunchgrass in the grass family, Poaceae. It is native to the Eastern United States and Eastern Canada.

Description

Elymus hystrix is a herbaceous plant with alternate, simple leaves, on erect stems. The flowers are white and bloom in spring. Elymus hystrix ranges from approximately two and a half to four and a half feet in height. There are usually two spikelets at each of the five to nine nodes of the plant. Unlike some similar native grasses, the blades of Elymus hystrix do not have glumes surrounding its spikelets.[3]

Elymus hystrix is self-compatible; that is, it can reproduce using its own pollen.[4] Elymus hystrix is a perennial meaning it does not completely die at the end of each season, but comes back the next year.[4]

Elymus hystrix has four copies of its genome, exhibiting a type of polyploidy called tetraploidy.[3]

Taxonomy

Elymus hystrix was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It was transferred to the new genus Hystrix as the type species Hystrix patula by Conrad Moench in 1794. Genomic studies from the 1960s onwards showed that it does in fact belong in Elymus.[5]

Distribution and habitat

Elymus hystrix is found in the United States east of the Great Plains as well as in Eastern Canada.[6] It is usually found in rocky, wet, and partially shaded habitat such as near rivers, creeks, or woods.[3] Elymus hystrix does not grow well in heavily shaded areas[7] and often inhabits the regions on the edge of shaded wooded areas such as forests.[7] Growth of Elymus hystrix appears to be inhibited by excess shade, but is relatively resistant to soil compaction when compared to other herbaceous plant species.[7]

Potential as a food crop

Mus musculus, or mice, feed on Elymus seeds.[8] It is reasonable that through domestication and enhancement of seed size and nutritional value seeds of Elymus hystrix could be useful for consumption by other vertebrates such as humans. Similar species of grasses are eaten by livestock throughout the United States.[9] Other Elymus species have been found to be high in crude protein when compared to other native grasses, but research is needed to investigate whether specifically Elymus hystrix also exhibits this trait.[9] It is also not immediately evident how nutritious the herbaceous grassy portion of the plant would be to humans, but potential for Elymus hystrix as a food source for livestock is also of interest.

Ecology

It is a larval host to the northern pearly eye.[10]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elymus hystrix.

References

  1. ^ NRCS. "Elymus hystrix". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ a b c Zhang, Hai-Qin; Fan, Xing; Sha, Li-Na; Kang, Hou-Yang; Wang, Xiao-Li; Zhou, Yong-Hong (2010). "Morphological Variation in Elymus hystrix L. (Poaceae: Triticeae)". Caryologia. 63 (4): 359–66. doi:10.1080/00087114.2010.10589747. S2CID 85699433.
  4. ^ a b Tintjer, Tammy; Rudgers, Jennifer A. (2006). "Grass-herbivore Interactions Altered by Strains of a Native Endophyte". New Phytologist. 170 (3): 513–21. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01720.x. PMID 16626473.
  5. ^ Zhang, Hai-Qin; Yang, Rui-Wu; Yang, Cai-Rong; Huang, Yan; Fan, Xing; Sha, Li-Na; Kang, Hou-Yang; Wang, Yi & Zhou, Yong-Hong (2014). "What Became of Hystrix?". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 52 (6): 712–715. doi:10.1111/jse.12116.
  6. ^ "Elymus hystrix". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  7. ^ a b c Small, Christine J.; Mccarthy, Brian C. (2002). "Effects of Simulated Post-harvest Light Availability and Soil Compaction on Deciduous Forest Herbs". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 32 (10): 1753–762. doi:10.1139/x02-099.
  8. ^ Whitaker, J. O. (1966). "Food of Mus Musculus, Peromyscus Maniculatus Bairdi and Peromyscus Leucopus in Vigo County, Indiana". Journal of Mammalogy. 47 (3): 473–86. doi:10.2307/1377688. JSTOR 1377688.
  9. ^ a b Ganskopp, Dave; Bohnert, Dave (2001). "Nutritional Dynamics of 7 Northern Great Basin Grasses". Journal of Range Management. 54 (6): 640–647. doi:10.2307/4003664. hdl:10150/643603. JSTOR 4003664.
  10. ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.